On Correcting the Current Random and sometimes Deceptive Dating of Prehistory
| An Outline History of the Roman Empire |
27-00-193 Early Roman Empire
| 27-00-68 | Julio-Claudian Dynasty |
| 76; r.27.01-00-14.08 | 01 Augustus |
| 27-19 BC | Cantabrian Wars |
| 23 BC | Second Settlement of Augustus |
| – | Succession, Reforms |
| 25-00-06 | Eastern Provinces and Frontiers |
| – | Western Provinces and Frontiers |
| – | Introduction |
| 07, 09 | Illyrian Revolt, Teutoburg Forest |
| 78; r.14.09-37.03 | 02 Tiberius |
| – | Introduction |
| 34; fl.14-19 | Germanicus |
| 17-28 | Revolts in the West |
| 51; fl.14-31 | Sejanus |
| 28; r.37.03-41.01 | 03 Caligula |
| 64; r.41-54 | 04 Claudius-I |
| – | Introduction |
| c.29; fl.38-48 | Valeria Messalina |
| 44; fl.28-59 | Julia Agrippina the Younger |
| – | Freedmen, Jews, Provinces |
| 43 | Invasion of Britain |
| 30; r.54.10-68.06 | 05 Nero |
| 60/1, c.30-61 | Introduction |
| 60-61 | Revolt in Britain, Boudicca |
| 58-63 | Nero’s Parthian War [1/5] |
| 62-67 | Nero’s Despotism |
| 66-74 | First Jewish Revolt [Part 1/2] |
| 68 | End of the Dynasty |
| 69 | Year of the Four Emperors |
| 71; r.68.06-69.01 | 06 Galba |
| 36; r.69.01-69.04 | 07 Otho |
| 54; r.69.04-69.12 | 08 Vitellius |
| 69-96 | Flavian Dynasty |
| u; 69; r.69-79 | 09 Vespasian |
| 68-74 | Rhine-Danube Frontier [1/5] |
| 69-74 | First Jewish Revolt [Part 2/2] |
| 71 | Further conquest in Britain [1/3] |
| – | Adjustments in the East, Domestic |
| 41; r.79.06-81.09 | 10 Titus |
| 78-84 | Introduction, Further conquest in Britain [2/3] |
| 44; r.81-96 | 11 Domitian |
| – | Accession |
| 83-96 | Rhine-Danube Frontier [2/5], Final Years of the Dynasty |
| 96-193 | Nerva-Antonine Dynasty |
| 67; r.96-98 | 12 Nerva: Emperor |
| – | Accession |
| 63; r.98-117 | 13 Trajan |
| 101-102, 105-106 | Introduction, Dacian Wars |
| 113-117 | Trajan’s Parthian War [2/5], Kitos (Second Jewish) Revolt |
| 62; r.117-138 | 14 Hadrian |
| Introduction, Third Jewish Revolt, Succession | |
| 74; r.138-161 | 15 Antoninus Pius |
| 138-144 | Further conquests in Britain, Armenia |
| 145-161 | North Africa, Egypt & the Rhine-Danube Frontier [3/5] |
| 116-169 | 16 Lucius Verus, Lucius Verus’ Parthian War [3/5] |
| 58; r.161-180 | 17 Marcus Aurelius |
| 166-175 | First Marcomannic War |
| Cassius (usurper) | |
| 177-180 | Second Marcomannic War |
| 31; r.177-192 | 18 Commodus |
| 182, 182-184 | Conspiracies, Dacia and Britain |
| Marcus Aurelius, Cleander, Megalomania | |
| 193 | Year of the Five Emperors |
| 66; r.193.01-03 | 19 Pertinax |
| 58/60; r.193.03-06; d.197 | 20 Didius Julianus |
193-284 Middle Roman Empire
| 193-211 | Severan Dynasty |
| u; 65; r.193.04-211.02 | 21*Septimius Severus |
| usurper; c.56; r.193-194 | Septimius Severus’Civil War, [1 of 12] |
| usurper; r.193.04 | Clodius Septimius Albinus [1/2] |
| usurper; c.56; r.193-194 | Pescennius Niger |
| usurper; c.47; r.196-197 | Clodius Albinus [ 2/2] |
| 195-197 | Septimius Severus’ Parthian War [4/5] |
| 27-00-197 | North Africa: Proconsularis, Mauretania and Numidia |
| 196-211 | Fulvius Plautianus, Britain |
| 29; r.198-217; 22; r.209-211 | 22*Caracalla, 23*Geta |
| – | Introduction |
| – | Constitutio Antoniniana |
| 213-217 | Alamanni and Goths, Caracalla’s Parthian War [5/5] |
| 217-218 | Non-Dynastic |
| c.53; r.217-218 | 24*Macrinus, |
| 9; r.218 | 25*Diadumenian |
| 218-235 | Severan Dynasty Restored |
| c.18; r.218-222 | 26 Elagabalus |
| 26; r.222-235 | 27 Severus Alexander, Sassanid [1/9] and Alamanni [1/3] Wars |
| 235-284 | Military Anarchy |
| u; c.65; r.235.03-238.05 | 28 Maximinus-I Thrax |
| u; Africa; c.79; r.238.03-04 | 29*Gordian-I, |
| u; Africa; c.46; r.238.03-04 | 30*Gordian II |
| u; Rome; c.60; r.238.04-07 | 31*Balbinus |
| u; Rome; 68/73; r.238.04-07 | 32*Pupienus; Maximinus-I’s Civil War [2/12] |
| 19; r.238-244 | 33 Gordian III Pius; Goths and Carpi, Gordian III’s Sassanid War, [2/9] |
| u; c.45; r.244-249 | 34 Philip-I the Arab |
| 11; r.247-249 | 35 Philip II |
| u; c.60; r.249-251 | 36 Decius and |
| c.25; c.226-351; r.251 | 37 Herennius Etruscus |
| – | Persecution of Christians: |
| 249-251 | Decius’ Gothic War [1/6] |
| c.21; r.251 | 38*Hostilian |
| 47; r.251-53 | 39*Trebonianus Gallus,Volusianus |
| r.251-53 | 40*Volusianus |
| 40/46; r.253.08-10 | 41 Aemilianus |
| u; c.65; r.253-260 | 42*Valerian: Gothic [2/6], Sassanid [3/9] Wars |
| c.50; r.253-268; c.18; r.260.07 | 43*Gallienus, 44*Saloninus; [4/5] |
| 254-260 | Rhine-Danube Frontier |
| 258-261 | Usurpers |
| 268-269 | Gallienus’ Gothic War [3/6] |
| 60; r.268-270 | 45 Claudius II Gothicus |
| u; 60/2; r.270-275 | 46 Aurelian |
| 270-271 | Rhine-Danube Frontier [5/5] |
| 271 | Aurelian’s Juthungine War |
| 269-273 | Palmyrene Empire |
| 259-274 | End of the Gallic Empire |
| c.76; r.275.09-276.06 | 47 Tacitus |
| r.276 | 48 Florianus |
| 50; r.276-282 | 49Probus |
| c.61; r.282-283 | 50*Carus; Carus’ Sassanid War [4/9] |
| r.283-284; 284-285 | 51*Numerian: Diocletian’s Civil War [3/12] |
| r.283-285 | 52*Carinus |
284-476 Late Roman Empire
| 284-312 | 53*Diocletian and |
| 54*Maximian | |
| 293-305 | Diocletian Tetrarchy |
| 286-296 | Britannic Empire |
| (297-298 | Galerius’ Sassanid War [5/9] |
| 297-304 | Christianity [1/3] |
| 305-364 | Constantinian Dynasty |
| 56; r.305-306 | 55*Constantius-I Chlorus (West) |
| 56; r.305-306 | 56*Galerius (East) |
| r.306-307 | 57*Severus (West) |
| c.34; r.307-312 | 58*Maxentius (West) |
| u; c.65; r.307-337 | 59*Constantine-I (Gaul→W→all) and |
| r.308-324; died 325 | 60*Licinius (W→E) and |
| r.310-313 | 61*Maximinus II Daia (West) |
| 306-324 | Tetrarchic Wars |
| 305-306 | Introduction |
| 306-307 | Maxentius/Severus’ Civil War [4/12] |
| 312 | Constantine-I/Maxentius’ Civil War [5/12] |
| 313 | Licinius/Maximinus II Dias’ Civil War [6/12] |
| 316 | Constantine-I/Licinius’ (1st) Civil War [7/12] |
| 324 | Constantine-I/Licinius’ (2nd) Civil War [8/12] |
| 307 | Constantine-I Sole Ruler |
| – | Christianity [2/3], Constantinople, Prefectures, Succession |
| 24; r.337-340 | 62*Constantine II (Gaul) and |
| c.27; r.337-350 | 63*Constans (Italy→W) and |
| 44; r.337-361 | 64*Constantius II (E→all) |
| – | Introduction, Christianity [3/3] |
| 337-350 | Constantius II’s Sassanid War [6/9 |
| 350-353 | Constantius II’s Civil War () [9/12] |
| 356-361 | Julian’s Alamanni War [2/3] |
| 360-361 | Julian’s Civil War [10/12] |
| 31/32; r.360-363 | 65*Julian (Gaul→all) |
| 363 | Julian’s Sassanid War (363 [7/9] |
| 33; r.363-364 | 66 Jovian (all) |
| 364-455 | Valentinian-Theodosian Dynasty |
| 54; r.364-375 | 67*Valentinian-I (all→W) |
| 50; r.364-378 | 68 Valens (East) |
| 365-366 | Procopius (usurper; Constantinople) |
| 365-374 | Valentinian I’s Alamanni War [3/3] |
| 366-369 | Valens’ First Gothic War [4/6] |
| 24; r.367-383 | 69*Gratian (W→all→Gaul) |
| 367-369 | Britain, the ‘Barbarian Conspiracy |
| 654-371 | Valens and Persia |
| 372-375 | Firmus (usurper; North Africa) |
| 24; r.375-392 | 70*Valentinian II (Italy→W) |
| 376-378 | Valens’ Second Gothic War [5/6] |
| 379-382 | 71*Theodosius-I (E→all): Theodosius-I’s Gothic War [6/6] |
| 30/31; r.383-408 | 72*Arcadius(East) and |
| usurper; c.53; r.384-388 | 73*Magnus Maximus(West) and |
| r.384-388 | 74*Flavius Victor(West) |
| 387-388 | Theodosius-I/Magnus Maximus’ Civil War [11/12] |
| 391-392 | Alaric’s First Invasion of Greece [1/2], |
| 392-394 | Theodosius-I/Eugenius’ Civil War, [12/12] |
| 38; r.393-423 | 75*Honorius [W] |
| 395-397 | Alaric’s Second invasion of Greece [2/2] |
| 401-403 | Alaric’s First Invasion of Italy [1/2] |
| 49; r.402-450 | 76*Theodosius II (East) |
| 406-409 | Barbarian Invasion of Roman Gaul |
| 406-424 | Britannic Revolt |
| 408 | Death of Stilicho |
| fl.400-414 | Anthemius (Constantinople) |
| 408-410 | Alaric’s Second Invasion of Italy [2/2] |
| r.409-411 | 77*Constantine III (West) |
| r.409-411 | 78*Constans II (West) |
| 409-411 | Introduction |
| 413 | More Usurpers |
| 411-436, 443-534 | Burgundian Kingdom |
| c.45; r.411-415 | Ataulf, King of the Visigoths |
| 411-422 | Hispania |
| 418-843 | Visigoth Kingdom |
| 418-720 | Frankish Kingdom |
| r.421 | 79*Constantius III (West) |
| 421-422 | Theodosius II’s First Sassanid War [8/9] |
| 35; r.425-455 | 80*Valentinian III (West) |
| 63; fl.405-454 | Introduction, |
| 63; fl.405-454 | Flavius Aetius [1/2] |
| 431-534 | Vandal Kingdom |
| 434-469 | Hunnic Empire, |
| c.47; r.434-453 | Attila the Hun, King of the Huns [1/3] |
| 63; fl.405-454 | Flavius Aetius [2/2] |
| 440 | Theodosius II’s Second Sassanian War [9/9] |
| c.47; r.434-453 | Attila, King of the Huns [2/3] |
| 65; r.450-457 | 81 Marcian (East) |
| 435-436 | Introduction, |
| c.47; r.434-453 | Attila, King of the Huns [3/3] |
| 454-567 | Gepid Kingdom |
| 454-508 | Heruli Kingdom |
| 454-469 | Sciri Kingdom |
| 455-476 | Non-Dynastic (West) and the Leonid Dynasty (East) |
| c.59; r.03.455-05.455 | 82 Petronius Maximus (West) |
| c.77; r.428-477 | Gaiseric, King of the Vandals |
| 77/62; r.07.455-10.456; d.457 | 83 Avitus (West) |
| 73; r.02.457-01.474 | 84 Leo-I the Thracian (East) |
| c.41; r.04.457-09.461) | 85 Majorian (West) |
| c.40; r.453-466 | Theodoric II, King of the Visigoths |
| c.45; r.461-465 | 86 Libius Severus (West) |
| c.52: r.467-472 | 87 Anthemius (West) |
| – | Introduction |
| c.71; fl.424-471 | Aspar, Magister Militum (East) |
| c.67; fl.456-472 | Ricimer, Magister Militum (West) |
| 472-424 | 88 Olybrius (West) |
| c.60; r.473-474; d.480+ | 89 Glycerius (West) |
| 7; 473.11-474.11 | 90*Leo II (East) |
| 66; r. 474.01-475.01; d.491 | 91*Zeno {1/2] (East) |
| c.50; r. 474.06-475.08; d.480 | 92 Flavius Julius Nepos (West) |
| r.475.01-476.08 | 93 Basiliscus (East) |
| c.16; r. 475.10-476.09 | 94 Romulus Augustulus (West) |
| 66; r. 476.08-491.04 | 95 Zeno [2/2] |
| c.60; r.476-493 | Odoacer, King of Italy |
*Shared Rule
u: Usurpers who became Emperors
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