27-00-193 EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE
27-00-68 JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY
| 01 Augustus (27-00-14) |
| 27 Senatorial Province: Achaea (Greece) |
| 27 Senatorial Province: Africa Proconsularis |
| 27 Senatorial Province: Illyricum |
| 27-19 Cantabrian Wars (Spain) |
| 25 Captured: Aracillum (northern Spain) |
| 25 Captured: Bergidum (northwest Spain) |
| 25 Captured: Lucus (northwest Spain) |
| 25 Captured: Lancia (northwest Spain) |
| 25-00-06 Provinces and Frontiers |
| 25 Amyntas willed Galatia (Asia Minor) to Rome |
| 25 Battle: Rome/Salassi (northwest Italy) |
| 25 Founded: Augusta Praetoria (northwest Italy) |
| 22 Conspiracy: against Augustus |
| 20 Treaty: Phraates IV (Parthia) |
| 17-16 Alpine tribes subdued |
| 16 Sugambri (Germania) defeated Lollius |
| 15 Defeated: Raetians (upper Danube) |
| 15 Imperial Province: Raetia (upper Danube) |
| 15 Defeated: Ligurians (southwest Alps) |
| 15 Defeated: Scordisci (northern Balkans) |
| 13 Province: Hispania Baetica (south) |
| 13 Province: Hispania Lusitania (southwest) |
| 13 Province: Hispania Tarraconensis (north/southeast Spain) |
| 12 Defeated: Sugambri (east of the Rhine) |
| 12 Defeated: Bructeri (northwest Germany) |
| 12 Augustus became pontifex maximus |
| 12-10 Defeated: Bessi (Thrace) |
| 11 Defeated: Pannonians (Middle Danube) |
| 11 Imperial Province: Illyricum |
| 10 Incursion by Dacians repulsed |
| 08 Defeated: Sugambri: (east of the Rhine) |
| 05-00-33 Jesus of Nazareth |
| 06-41 Province: Judaea (Palestine) |
| 07-09 Great Illyrian Revolt |
| 07 Battle: Sirmium (Serbia) |
| 09 Battle: Teutoburg Forest (Germany) |
| 10 Province: Illyricum Inferius (Balkans) |
| 10 Province: Illyricum Superius (Balkans) |
| 12 Germania: Upper (south) and Lower (north) |
| 02 Tiberius (14-37) |
| 14 Mutiny in Pannonia and along the Rhine |
| 14 Province: Dalmatia (Balkans) |
| 14 Province: Pannonia (Balkans) |
| 14-19 Germanicus |
| 16 Battle: Angivarian Wall (Germany) |
| 16 Battle: Idistaviso (Germany) |
| 17 Imperial Province: Cappadocia (Asia Minor) |
| 17 Imperial Province: Commagene (Asia Minor) |
| 17-28 Revolts in the West |
| 17 Battle: Pagyda (North Africa) |
| 21 Battle: Augustodunum (Gaul) |
| 24 Battle: Thubuscum (North Africa) |
| 26 Battle: Thrace (eastern Europe) |
| 28 Battle: Flevum Germania |
| 28-59 Julia Agrippina the Younger |
| 14-31 Aelius Sejanus |
| 35 Caligula & Gemellus named join-heirs |
| 03 Caligula (37-41) |
| 38-48 Valeria Messalina |
| 39 Boat bridge at Baiae (Bay of Naples) |
| 39 Disturbances at Jamnia (Judaea) |
| 40 Caligula joined the Rhine armies |
| 40 Mauritania (Africa) annexed |
| 40 Revolt: Mauretania (North Africa) |
| 40 Jews resist CALIGULA’s ruler cult |
| 04 Claudius-I (41-54) |
| 41-46 Herod Agrippa I (Judaea) |
| 41 Demonstrations by Jews in Alexandria |
| 41 Defeated: Chauci and Chatti (Germania) |
| 41 Scribonianus (u; Dalmatia) |
| 41-44 Revolt: Mauretania (North Africa) |
| 43 Province: Lycia et Pamphylia (Asia Minor) |
| 43 Invasion of Britain |
| 43 Battle: Medway (Britain) |
| 43 Treaty: Brigantes (Britain) |
| 44 Province: Mauretania Caesariensis |
| 44 Province: Mauretania Tingitana |
| 46 Province: Thracia (southeast Europe) |
| 48 Defeated: Iceni & Corieltauvi (England) |
| 52 Rebellion by Venutius (England) |
| 05 Nero (54-68) |
| 60/1 Revolt in Britain; Boudicca |
| 60/1 Colchester sacked by Boudicca |
| 60/1 Battle: Camulodunum (England) |
| 60/1 London sacked by Boudicca |
| 60/1 St Albans sacked by Boudicca |
| 60/1 Battle: Watling Street (England) |
| 58-63 Nero’s Parthian War; Corbulo [1/5] |
| 62 Battle: Rhandeia (Armenia) |
| 64.07.18 Great Fire of Rome |
| 64 NERO’s persecution of the Christians |
| 65 Pisonian Conspiracy |
| 66 Vinicianus Conspiracy |
| 66-74 First Jewish Revolt |
| 67 Nero pronounced liberation of Greece |
| 67 Vespasian razed Gabara (Israel) |
| 67 Siege: Jotapata (Israel) |
| 68 Vindex’s Revolt |
| 68 Usurper: Nymphidius Sabinus (Rome) |
| 68 Nero committed suicide |
69: YEAR OF THE FOUR EMPERORS
| 06 Galba (68.06-69.01) |
| 68-74 Rhine-Danube Frontier [1/5] |
| 07 Ortho (69.01-69.04) |
| 69 Battle: Forum Julii (southeast France) |
| 69 Battle: Locus Castorum (northern Italy) |
| 69.04.16 Battle: Bedriacum (Lombardy) |
| 08 Vitellius (69.04-69.12) |
| 69.10.24 Battle: Bedriacum (Lombardy) |
| 69 War: Oea v. Leptis Magna (Africa) |
| 70 Defeated: Garamantes (North Africa) |
69-96 FLAVIAN DYNASTY
| 09 Vespasian (69.07-79.06) |
| 69 Battle: Moesia (Bulgaria) (spring) |
| 69 Revolt: Lingones (France) |
| 69 Battle: Moesia (Bulgaria) (autumn) |
| 69 Revolt: Batavi (Netherlands) |
| 69 Batavi besieged Vetera (Germany) |
| 70 Battle: Augusta Treverorum (Germany) |
| 70 Battle: Vetera (Germany) |
| 70 Battle: Batavia (Netherlands) |
| 74 Battle: Raetia (Austria) |
| 69-74 First Jewish Revolt |
| 70 Siege: Jerusalem (Israel) |
| 71 Siege: Herodium (Israel) |
| 72 Siege: Machaerus (Jordan) |
| 73-74 Siege: Masada (Israel) |
| 69-78 Further conquest in Britain [1/3] |
| 71 Fort at Eboracum (=York) established |
| 72 Fort at Luguvalium (=Carlisle) established |
| 78 Defeated: Silures (south Wales) |
| 78-84 Further conquest in Britain [2/3] |
| 78-84 Julius Agricola governor of Britain |
| 78 Silures (Wales) subdued |
| 10 Titus (79.06-81.09) |
| 79 Eruption of Vesuvius (Campania) |
| 80 Serious fire in Rome |
| 80-81 Usurper: Terentius Maximus (Asia) |
| 81 Plague in Rome |
| 11 Domitian (81-96) |
| 83 Battle: Mons Graupius (Scotland) |
| 83-92 Rhine-Danube Frontier [2/5] |
| 83-85 Domitian’s was against the Chatti |
| 84 Increased pay of the army |
| 85/6 Decebalus (Dacia) invaded Moesia |
| 86-88 Dacian War |
| 86 Battle: First Tapae (Dacia, Romania) |
| 86/7 Defeated: Nasamones (Cyrenaica) |
| 87 Province: Moesia Inferior (east) |
| 87 Province: Moesia Superior (west) |
| 88 Battle: Second Tapae (Dacia, Romania) |
| 89 Usurper: Antonius Saturninus (Germania) |
96-193 NERVAN-ANTONINE DYNASTY
| 12 Nerva (96-98) |
| 13 Trajan (98-117) |
| 100-110 Histories (Tacitus) |
| 101-102 First Dacian War |
| 101 Battle: Third Tapae (Dacia, Romania) |
| 101/2 Barbarians attacked Moesia Inferior |
| 103 Province: Pannonia Superior |
| 103 Province: Pannonia Inferior |
| 105 Trajan’s Bridge over the Danube |
| 105-106 Second Dacian War |
| 106 Province: Dacia |
| 107/8 Via Nova Traiana (Arabia Petraea) |
| 109 Trajan’s Baths (Rome) |
| 109 Trajan’s Naumachia (Rome) |
| 109 Aqua Traiana (Rome) |
| 112 Via Traiana (southern Italy) |
| 113 Trajan’s Column (Rome) |
| 113-16 Trajan’s Parthian War [2/5] |
| 114-18 Province: Armenia |
| 116 Trajan captured Ctesiphon (central Iraq) |
| 116 Trajan captured Characene (southern Iraq) |
| 116-17 Province: Mesopotamia |
| 116-18 Province: Assyria |
| 115-17 Kitos (Second Jewish) Revolt |
| 115 Jews rebel in Cyrenaica (Libya) |
| 116 Jews set fire to Alexandria (Egypt) |
| 116 Jews sack Salamis (Cyprus) |
| 117 Annals (Tacitus) |
| 14 Hadrian (117-138) |
| 117 Hadrian proclaimed emperor at Antioch |
| 118 Conspiracy of the four consulars |
| 120 Death of Plutarch (Parallel Lives) |
| 122 building of Hadrian’s Wall begins |
| 132-35 Bar Kokhba (Third Jewish) Revolt |
| 132-35 Siege: Betar (Judaea) |
| 135 Province: Syria-Palaestina |
| 135 Jerusalem renamed Aelia Capitolina |
| 15 Antoninus Pius (138-161) |
| 139-60 Further conquest in Britain [3/3] |
| 139 southern Scotland reconquered |
| 140 Death of Juvenal (Satires) |
| 142 Building of the Antonine Wall begins |
| 150-52 Rebellion in Mauretania |
| 152 Revolt: Egypt |
| 158 Rhine-Danube Frontier [3/5] |
| 158 Revolt: Dacia Superior |
| 158 Province: Dacia Porolissensis (north) |
| 158 Province: Dacia Apulensis (central) |
| 158 Province: Dacia Malvensis (south) |
| 16 *Lucius Verus (161-169) |
| 17 *Marcus Aurelius (161-180) |
| 162-5 Chatti & Chauci invaded Germania Superior & Raetia |
| 162-66 Lucius Verus’ Parthian War [3/5] |
| 165 Romans captured Anthemusia (northern Syria) |
| 165 Romans captured Nisibis (southeast Turkey) |
| 165 Romans captured Dura-Europos (eastern Syria) |
| 165 Romans occupied Seleucia (central Iraq) |
| 165 Romans captured Ctesiphon (central Iraq) |
| 165-180 Antonine plague in the Empire |
| 166-70 First Marcomannic War |
| 166 Langobardi & Ubii attacked Pannonia |
| 166 Asdingi, Lacringi, Iazyges invaded Dacia |
| 169 Battle: near Carnuntum (Noricum) |
| 169 Marcomanni invaded northern Italy |
| 170/1 Marcomanni driven out of Northern Italy |
| 170 Iazyges & Costoboci raided Greece |
| 171 Treaty: Quadi and the Iazyges |
| 171 Asdingi Vandals settled in Dacia |
| 171 Asdingi and Lacringi allied with Rome |
| 171-73 Moors invade Baetica (Spain) |
| 172 Marcomanni, Naristi & Cotini subdued |
| 172-73 Bucolic Revolt (Egypt) |
| 173 Chatti and the Hermunduri repulsed |
| 173 Chauci raided Belgica |
| 173 Rebellion of the Quadi |
| 173 Treaty: Quadi (Moravia) |
| 174 Quadi broke the treaty |
| 175 Treaty: second with Quadi |
| 175 Usurper: Avidius Cassius (Egypt+Syria) |
| 177-180 Second Marcomannic War |
| 179 Battle: Laugaricio (Slovakia) |
| 180 Battle: Romans/Quadi (Slovakia) |
| 18 *Commodus (177-192) |
| 180 Treaty: Germanic tribes |
| 182 Conspiracies against Commodus |
| 182-190 Marcus Aurelius Cleander |
| 181-184 Insurrection by the Caledonians |
| 182-183 Barbarians attacked Dacia |
| 184 Priscus acclaimed emperor in Britain |
| 192 Commodus murdered |
193: YEAR OF THE FIVE EMPERORS
| 19 Pertinax (u; 193.01-03) |
| 20 Didius Julianus (u; 193.03-06) |
193-285 MIDDLE ROMAN EMPIRE
193-217 SEVERAN DYNASTY (1/2)
| 21 *Septimius Severus (193-211) |
| 193 Imperial Province: Numidia |
| 193 Clodius Albinus (u; Britain; 1/2) |
| 193 Usurper: Pescennius Niger |
| 193-197 Severus’ Civil War [1/12] |
| 193.04 Usurper: Clodius Albinus (Britain; 1st) |
| 193-194 Usurper: Pescennius Niger (Syria) |
| 193-196 Siege: Byzantium (Turkey) |
| 193 Battle: Cyzicus (Mysia, NW Asia Minor) |
| 193-194 Usurper: Pescennius Niger (Syria) |
| 193 B: Nicaea (Bithynia, NW Asia Minor) |
| 193-196 Siege: Byzantium (Turkey) |
| 194 Battle: Issus Cilicia (south-central AM) |
| 195-197 Severus’ Parthian War [4/5] |
| 195 Province: Osroene (part; northern Syria) |
| 196-197 Clodius Albinus (u; Britain; 2/2) |
| 197.02.19 B: Lugdunum (central-southeast France) |
| 197 Limes Tripolitanus (North Africa) |
| 197-205 Gaius Fulvius Plautianus |
| 198 Province: Mesopotamia (west Asia) |
| 208-11 Campaign: Septimius Severus/Britain |
| 210 Treaty: Maeatae & Caledonians (Britain) |
| 22 *Geta (209-211) |
| 23 *Caracalla (198-217) |
| 211 Antonine Wall abandoned |
| 212 Edict: Roman citizenship |
| 212-238 Province: Asturiae-Calleciae |
| 212-238 Province: Hispania Nova Citerior |
| 213 Province: Britannia Inferior (north) |
| 213 Province: Britannia Superior (south) |
| 213 Alamanni (upper Rhine) driven back |
| 214 Goths (Ukraine) driven back |
| 215-217 Caracalla’s Parthian War [5/5] |
| 215 Massacre at Alexandria (Egypt) |
| 215 Province: Osroene (all, northern Syria) |
217-218 NON-DYNASTIC
| 24 *Macrinus (u; 217-218) |
| 25 *Diadumenian (218) |
| 217 Battle: Nisibis (southeast Turkey) |
| 218 Treaty: Parthia |
| 218.06.08 Battle: Immae (Syria) |
218-235 SEVERAN DYNASTY (2/2)
| 26 Elagabalus (218-222) |
| 219 Usurper: Gellius Maximus (Syria) |
| 219 Usurper: Verus (Syria) |
| 221 Usurper: Uranius? |
| 221 Usurper: Seleucus? |
| 27 Severus Alexander (222-235) |
| 230 Marine transgression (Dunkirk II) |
| 232-233 Alexander’s Sassanid War [1/9] |
| 234-235 Alexander’s Alamanni War [1/3] |
235-284 MILITARY ANARCHY
| 28 *Maximinus-I Thrax (u; 235-238) |
| 235 Usurper: Magnus (Rhine) |
| 235 Usurper: Quartinus (Mesopotamia) |
| 235 Goths invaded southern Ukraine |
| 235 Battle: Wurttemberg (southwest Germany) |
| 236-7 war with Sarmatians and Dacians |
| 238 Maximinus’ Civil War [2/12] |
| 238 Maximinus invaded Italy |
| 238 Revolt: Africa Proconsularis |
| 238 Battle: Carthage (Africa) |
| 29 *Gordian-I the Elder (u; 238) |
| 30 *Gordian II the Younger (u; 238) |
| 31 *Balbinus (u; 238) |
| 32 *Pupienus (u; 238) |
| 33 Gordian III Pius (238-244) |
| 238 Goths+Carpi invaded Histria (Moesia Inferior) |
| 238 Treaty: Goths |
| 240 Attacks in Africa, Europe and Persia |
| 242 Shapur-I captured Nisibis (southeast Turkey) |
| 242 Shapur-I captured Carrhae southeast Turkey) |
| 243 Gordian III’s Sassanid War [2/9] |
| 343 Battle: Resaena (southeast Asia Minor) |
| 344 Battle: Misiche (Mesopotamia) |
| 34 *Philip-I the Arab (244-249) |
| 35 *Philip II (247-249) |
| 245 Carpi invaded Moesia, Thracia & Mac. |
| 248 Pacatianus acclaimed (Danube army) |
| 248 Quadi invaded Pannonia |
| 248 Goths invaded Moesia Inferior & Thracia |
| 248 Carpi invaded Dacia and Moesia |
| 248 Usurper: Jotapianus (Syria) |
| 248 Usurper: Silbannacus (Moesia) |
| 248 Usurper: Sponsianus (near the Rhine) |
| 249 Goths sacked Marcianopolis (Thracia) |
| 249 Battle: Verona (northern Italy) |
| 36 *Decius (249-251) |
| 37 *Herennius Etruscus (251) |
| 249 Edict: against Christians |
| 249-251 Decius’ Gothic War [1/6] |
| 250 Siege: Philippopolis (Bulgaria) |
| 250 Battle: Beroe (Bulgaria) |
| 250 Usurper: Priscus (Thracia) |
| 250 Usurper: Licinianus (Rome) |
| 250 Usurper: Valens Senior (Illyria) |
| 251 Battle: Abritus (Bulgaria) |
| 38 *Hostilian (251) |
| 39 *Trebonianus Gallus (251-253) |
| 40 *Volusianus (251-253) |
| 251 Cyprian Plague |
| 253 Battle: Barbalissus (Syria) |
| 253 Uranius Antoninus (u; Syria Phoenice) |
| 253 Battle: Interamna Nahars (Central Italy) |
| 41 Aemilianus (253.08-253.11) |
| 42 *Valerian (253-257) |
| 43 *Gallienus (253-268) |
| 44 *Saloninus (260) |
| 254-260 Rhine-Danube Frontier [4/5] |
| 254-257 Valerian’s Gothic War [2/6] |
| 254 Goths raided Moesia and Thracia |
| 255 Goths captured Cimmerian Bosporus |
| 256 Pityus (Caucasus) captured by the Borani |
| 256 Trapezus (Pontus) captured by the Borani |
| 257 Goths attacked SW coast of Black Sea |
| 257 Goths captured Chalcedon, Nicomedia, Nicaea Cius, Apamea & Prusa (NW AM) |
| 257-161 Valerian’s Sassanid War [3/9] |
| 255-256 Siege: Dura Europos (eastern Syria) |
| 256-161 Valerian’s persecution of Christians |
| 256 first independent cavalry army (Gallienus) |
| 257 Pope Stephen-I martyred |
| 258 Pope Sixtus II martyred |
| 258 Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, martyred |
| 258 Alamanni occupied agri decumates |
| 258 Franks broke into southern Gaul |
| 258 Alamanni settle in Pannonia Superior |
| 258 Alamanni raided northern Italy |
| 258-259 Usurper: Ingenuus (Pannonia) |
| 259 Battle: Edessa (Osroene, northern Syria) |
| 259 Battle: Battle: Mediolanum (Lombardy) |
| 259 Battle: Mursa (Croatia) |
| 260s Goths and Gepids attacked Dacia. |
| 260 Battle: Augsburg (Bavaria) |
| 260 Shapur raided Syria, Cilicia, Cappadocia |
| 260 Burgundians settled in eastern Germany |
| 260 Usurper: Regalianus (Pannonia) |
| 260-261 Usurper: Macrianus Major (East) |
| 260-261 Usurper: Callistus Ballista (East) |
| 260-261 Usurper: Macrianus Minor (East) |
| 260-261 Usurper: Quietus (East) |
| 260-261 Siege: Caesarea Cappadocia |
| 260-274 Gallic Empire |
| 260-269 Postumus (Gallic Empire) |
| 260-269 Palmyrene Kingdom |
| 260-267 Odaenathus (Palmyrene Kingdom) |
| 261 Usurper: Piso (Greece) |
| 261 Usurper: Valens (Thessaly) |
| 261 Usurper: Mussius Aemilianus (Egypt) |
| 261 Shapur forced back by Odaenathus |
| 262 Odaenathus recovered Carrhae & Nisibis |
| 262 Usurper: Memor (Egypt) |
| 263-267 Hairan (Palmyrene Kingdom) |
| 264-5 Odaenathus’ war against the Persians |
| 265-372 Franks occupied Tarragona (Spain) |
| 265 Gallienus invaded southeast Gaul |
| 267 Odaenathus attacked the Goths |
| 267 Maeonius (Palmyrene Kingdom) |
| 267-269 Vaballathus (Palmyrene Kingdom) |
| 267-269 Zenobia (Palmyrene Kingdom) |
| 268 Goths raided Pannonia and Dalmatia |
| 268-269 Gallienus’ Gothic War [3/6] |
| 268 Battle: Nestus River (Greece/Bulgaria) |
| 268 Battle: Pontirolo (Lombardy) |
| 268 Battle: Lake Benacus (Italy) |
| 45 Claudius II Gothicus (268-270) |
| 269 Battle: Battle: Naissus (Serbia) |
| 269 Usurper: Censorinus (northern Italy) |
| 269 Usurper: Laelianus (Gaul) |
| 269 Marius (Gallic Empire) |
| 269-271 Victorinus (Gallic Empire) |
| 269 Usurper: Placidianus (Gaul) |
| 269-273 Palmyrene Empire |
| 269-272 Vaballathus (Palmyrene Empire) |
| 269-272 Zenobia (Palmyrene Empire) |
| 269 Zenobia secured Arabia Petraea |
| 269 Zenobia secured Egypt province |
| 46 Aurelian (270-275) |
| 270 Asdingi group settled in Pannonia |
| 270 Usurper: Quintillus (northern Italy) |
| 270-271 Rhine-Danube Frontier[5/6] |
| 271 Aurelian’s Juthungine War |
| 271 Juthungi raided northern Italy |
| 271 Usurper: Felicissimus (Rome) |
| 271 Usurper: Septiminus (Dalmatia) |
| 271 Usurper: Urbanus? |
| 271 Battle: Placentia (Italy) |
| 271 Riot in Rome |
| 271 Battle: Fanum Fortunae (Italy) |
| 271 Battle: Ticinum (Italy) |
| 271 Battle: Aurelian/Goths (Moesia) |
| 271-275 circuit wall built around Rome |
| 271 Aurelian abandoned Dacia province |
| 271 Goths driven back from Moesia/Thracia |
| 271-273 War against Zenobia (Palmyrene Empire) |
| 271 Zenobia captured Ankara & Tyana (Asia Minor) |
| 271 Domitianus (Gallic Empire) |
| 271-274 Tetricus (last ruler of Gallic Empire) |
| 272 Battle: Immae (Syria) |
| 272 Battle: Daphne (=Harbiye, Syria) |
| 272 Battle: Emesa (=Homs, Syria) |
| 272 Probus recaptured Egypt |
| 273 Antiochus (last ruler of Palmyrene Empire) |
| 273 Usurper: Firmus (Egypt) |
| 273-4 War against Tetricus(Gallic Empire) |
| 274 Battle: Chalons-sur-Marne (northeast France) |
| 274 Britain’s chiefs surrendered to Rome |
| 47 Tacitus (275-276) |
| 276 Tacitus defeated Goths in Cilicia (Asia Minor) |
| 48 Florianus (276) |
| 49 Probus (276-282) |
| 280 Romans built forts on Saxon shore |
| 280 Usurper: Proculus (Gaul) |
| 280 Usurper: Bonosus (Germania) |
| 281 Usurper: Julius Saturninus (Syria) |
| 50 Carus (282-283) |
| 282 war with Sarmatians and the Quadi |
| 282-283 Carus’ Sassanid War [4/9] |
| 283 Carus captured Ctesiphon (Mesopotamia) |
| 51 *Numerian (283-284) |
| 52 *Carinus (283-285) |
| 284-285 Usurper: Sabinus Julianus (Pannonia) |
| 285 Battle: Verona (northern Italy) |
| 285 Battle: Margus River (Serbia) |
| 284-285 Diocletian’s Civil War [3/12] |
285-476 LATE ROMAN EMPIRE
| 53 *Diocletian (284-305) (all→E) |
| 284-476 Dominate |
| 285 Usurper: Aelianus (Gaul) |
| 285 Usurper: Amandus (Gaul) |
| 285 Diocletian fought Sarmatians (Ukraine) |
| 54 Maximian (286-305) (W) |
| 286 Maximian defeated bagaudae (Gaul) |
| 286 Carausius fought Saxon+Frankish pirates |
| 286-269 Britannic Empire |
| 288 Emperors fought Alamanni (Gaul) |
| 289 Maximian defeated Gennobaudes (Frank) |
| 290 Diocletian put down uprising in the East |
293-305 DIOCLETIAN TETRARCHY
| 293 Diocletian founded the Tetrarchy |
| 293 Galerius defeated Busiris+Coptos (Egypt) |
| 294 Diocletian defeated Sarmatians (Ukraine) |
| 296 Diocletian fought Carpi (lower Danube) |
| 296-8 Campaign Maximian/North Africa |
| 296 Battle: Silchester (England) |
| 296-298 Siege: Alexandria (Egypt) |
| 297 Saxons attacked the Salian Franks |
| 297 Salian Franks occupied Batavia (Netherlands) |
| 297 Usurper: Domitius Comitianus (Egypt) |
| 297 Edict against Manicheans (Diocletian) |
| 297-298 Galerius’ Sassanid War [5/9] |
| 297 Battle: Callinicum (Syria) |
| 297-8 Usurper: Aurelius Achilleus (Egypt) |
| 297-8 Diocletian besieged Alexandria (Egypt) |
| 298 Battle: Satala (Turkey) |
| 298 Galerius captured Ctesiphon (Mesopotamia) |
| 298 Galerius captured Nisibis (southeast Turkey) |
| 298 Battle: Langres (France) |
| 298 Battle: Vindonissa (Switzerland) |
| 299 Treaty: Nisibis (Sassanids) |
| 303 Edicts (3): against Christians (Diocletian) |
| 303 Usurper: Eugenius (1) (Syria Coele) |
| 304 Edict: 4th against Christians (Diocletian) |
305-364 CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY
| 55 Constantius-I (305-306) (W) |
| 56 *Galerius (305-311) (E) |
| 57 *Severus (306-307) (W) |
| 58 *Maxentius (306-312) (W) |
| 59 *Constantine-I (307-337) (W®→all) |
| 60 *Licinius (308-324) (W→E) |
| 61 *Maximinus Daia (310-313) (W) |
| 306-324 Tetrarchic Wars [4th-8th] |
| 306-307 Maxentius’ Civil War [4/12] |
| 306-7 Campaign: Constantine-I/Franks |
| 307-8 Campaign: Constantine-I/Bructeri |
| 308 Conference at Carnuntum (Austria) |
| 308-311 Usurper: Domitius Alexander (Africa) |
| 311 Donatists (North African Christian sect) |
| 312 Constantine-I’s (1st) Civil War [5/12] |
| 312 Battle: Turin (Piedmont) |
| 312 Battle: Verona (Veneto) |
| 312.12.28 Battle: Milvian Bridge (Lazio) |
| 313 Licinius’ Civil War [6/12] |
| 313 Battle: Tzirallum (Thracia) |
| 313-4 Campaign: Licinius/Persian frontier |
| 314 Council of Arles (Donatism) |
| 315 Campaign: Licinius/Danube |
| 316 Constantine-I’s (2nd) Civil War [7/12] |
| 316-317 Usurper: Valerius Valens (E) |
| 316.10.08 Battle: Cibalae (Croatia |
| 316 Battle: Mardia (Bulgaria) |
| 318 Campaign: Licinius/Sarmatians |
| 319 Campaign: Crispus/Franks |
| 320 Campaign: Crispus/Alamanni |
| 320 Licinius’ persecution of the Christians |
| 322 Campaign: Constantine-I/Sarmatians |
| 323 Campaign: Crispus/Alamanni |
| 323 Battle: Campona (Hungary) |
| 324 Constantine-I’s (3rd) Civil War [8/12] |
| 324 Usurper: Martianus (East) |
| 324.07.03 Battle: Adrianople (Thracia) |
| 324.07 Battle: Hellespont (Turkey) |
| 324.09.18 Battle: Chrysopolis (Bithynia) |
| 324 Constantinople: construction started |
| 325 First Council of Nicaea (Nicaean Creed) |
| 330.05.11 Constantinople: dedication |
| 332 Treaty: Goths |
| 333-334 Usurper: Calocaerus (Cyprus) |
| 62 Constantine II (337-340) (Gaul) |
| 63 Constans (337-350) (Italy→W) |
| 64 Constantius II (337-361) (E→all) |
| 337-350 Constantius II’s Sassanid War [6/9] |
| 338 Siege: Nisibis (southeast Turkey) |
| 340 Battle: Aquileia (Italy) |
| 341 Campaign: Constans/Franks (Gaul) |
| 341 Constans in Britain |
| 344 Battle: Singara (Iraq) |
| 346 Siege: Nisibis (southeast Turkey) |
| 350 Siege: Nisibis (southeast Turkey) |
| 350-353Constantius II’s Civil War [9/12] |
| 350-353 Usurper: Magnentius (West) |
| 350-353 Usurper: Magnus Decentius (Gaul) |
| 350 Usurper: Vetranio (Gaul) |
| 350 Usurper: Nepotianus (Rome) |
| 351.09.28 Battle: Mursa Major (Croatia) |
| 351 Battle: Pavia (Italy) |
| 352 Revolt: Syria Palaestina |
| 353 Battle: Mons Seleucus (France) |
| 353/4 Riot: Antioch (Syria) |
| 354 Rebellion: Isauria (Asia Minor) |
| 355 Usurper: Claudius Silvanus (Gaul) |
| 356-357 Julian’s Alamanni War [2/3] |
| 356 Battle: Reims (France) |
| 356 Battle: Brumath (France) |
| 356 Siege: Senonae (France) |
| 357 Battle: Strasbourg (France) |
| 357/8 Campaign: Julian (Severus)/Franks |
| 358 Salian Franks settled in Toxandria (Netherlands) |
| 358/9 Campaign: Constantius II/Sarmatians, Quadi and Suebi |
| 359 Siege: Amida (Turkey) |
| 360 Shapur captured Singara+Bezabde (Mesopotamia) |
| 360-361 Julian’s Civil War [10/12] |
| 65 *Julian (361-363) (Gaul→all) |
| 361 Edict of Toleration (Julian) |
| 362 Edict on Teaching (Julian) |
| 363 Julian’s Sassanid War [7/9] |
| 363.04.27-29 Siege: Pirisabora (Iraq) |
| 363.05.29 Battle: Ctesiphon (Iraq) |
| 363.06 Battle: Samarra (Iraq) |
| 363.06 Battle: Maranga (Iraq) |
| 66 Jovian (363-364) (all) |
| 363 Treaty: Persians |
| 363 Shapur invaded Caucasus Iberia |
| 365 Shapur II plundered Armenia |
364-455 VALENTINIAN-THEODOSIAN DYNASTY
| 67 *Valentinian-I (364.02-375) (all→W) |
| 68 Valens (364.03-378) (E) |
| 365-6 Usurper: Procopius (Constantinople) |
| 365-374 Valentinian I’s Alamanni War [3/3] |
| 366 Battle: Thyatira (Asia Minor) |
| 366 Battle: Scarpone (France) |
| 366 Battle: Moselle River (France) |
| 366 Battle: Chalons (France) |
| 366-369 Valens’ First Gothic War [4/6] |
| 367-69 Britain, the ‘Barbarian Conspiracy’ |
| 367 Scots & Picts breached Hadrian’s Wall |
| 367 Franks & Saxons attacked north coastal Gaul |
| 368 Battle: Solicinium (Germany |
| 369 Battle: Noviodunum (Romania) |
| 369 Treaty: Tervingi (Visigoths) |
| 369 Usurper: Valentinus Britain) |
| 371 Battle: Bagrevand (Armenia) |
| 371 Treaty: Shapur II |
| 372 Usurper: Theodorus (Syria) |
| 372-5 Usurper: Firmus (North Africa) |
| 374 Treaty: Macrian (Alamanni) |
| 69 *Gratian (375-383) |
| 70 *Valentinian II (375-392) (Italy→W) |
| 375 Huns attacked Greuthungi & Tervingi |
| 375 Huns absorbed Greuthungi (Ostrogoths) |
| 376 Tervingi (Visigoths)crossed Danube |
| 376 Some Greuthungi crossed Danube |
| 376-378 Valens Second Gothic War [5/6] |
| 376 Battle: Marcianopolis (Bulgaria) |
| 377 Battle: Ad Salices (Bulgaria) |
| 378.05 Battle: Argentovaria (France) |
| 378.08.09 Battle: Adrianople (Thracia) |
| 378 Siege: Constantinople (Thracia) |
| 71 *Theodosius-I (379-395) (E→all) |
| 379-382 Theodosius’ Gothic War [6/6] |
| 380 Greuthungi settled in Pannonia |
| 380 Battle: Macedonia |
| 380 Edict of Thessalonica (Nicene Creed) |
| 381 Council of Constantinople (Nicene Creed) |
| 382 Treaty: Fritigern and the Tervingi |
| 382 Tervingi settled in Moesia Inferior |
| 383-408 Stilicho |
| 396 Battle: Greuthungi defeated |
| 72 *Arcadius (383-408) (East) |
| 73 *Magnus Maximus (384-388) (West) |
| 74 *Flavius Victor (384-388) (West) |
| 386 Battle: Danube |
| 387 Peace of Acilisene (Sassanids) |
| 387-388 Theodosius’ (1st) Civil War [11/12] |
| 388 Franks raided across the Rhine |
| 388 Battle: Novaesium (Germany) |
| 388 Battle: Sava River (Croatia) |
| 388 Battle: Poetovium (Slovenia) |
| 389 Treaty: Marcomer and Sunno (Franks) |
| 390 massacre in Thessalonica (Greece) |
| 391.02 Edict of Milan: against Christians |
| 391-2 Alaric’s 1st Invasion of Greece [1/2] |
| 391 Battle: Hebrus River (Greece) |
| 391 Arbogast attacked Bructeri+Chamavi |
| 392 Battle: Stilicho/Alaric-I (Greece) |
| 392-4 Theodosius’ (2nd) Civil War [12/12] |
| 75 *Honorius (393-423) (West) |
| 394.09.5-6 Battle: Frigidus River (Slovenia) |
| 394 Huns+Marcomanni crossed the Danube |
| 395 Division of the Empire |
| 395 Huns assault Sassanid Roman empires |
| 395-7 Alaric’s 2nd invasion of Greece [2/2] |
| 397 Visigoths resettled in Macedonia |
| 397-398 Usurper: Gildo (North Africa) |
| 399 Usurper: Tribigild (Phrygia) |
| 399 Battle: Phrygia (Asia Minor) |
| 400-404/5 Treaty: Huns |
| 400-414 Anthemius (Constantinople |
| 5th century: Ostrogoths subjugated Gepids |
| 401-403 Alaric’s 1st Invasion of Italy [1/2] |
| 76 *Theodosius II (402-450) (Eest) |
| 401 Siege: Aquileia (Friuli-Venezia Giulia) |
| 402.02 Siege: Hasta (Liguria) |
| 402.04 Battle: Pollentia (Piedmont) |
| 402.06 Battle: Verona (Veneto) |
| 402 Ravenna capital of Western Empire |
| 405-414 Anthemius |
| 405-454 Aetius |
| 406 Barbarian Invasion of Roman Gaul |
| 406 Battle: Florence (Tuscany) |
| 406 Battle: Faesulae (Tuscany) |
| 406 Franks resisted Vandal incursions |
| 406 Battle: Rhine River (Germany) |
| 406-411 Britannic Revolt |
| 406 Usurper: Marcus (Britain) |
| 406 Vandals, Alani, Suebi cross the Rhine |
| 406 Barbarians sacked Mainz |
| 406 Usurper: Gratian (Britain) |
| 407 Battle: Gaul (Constantine III) |
| 407-428 Gunderic (Vandal) |
| 408 Battle: northwest Spain |
| 408 Huns captured Castra Martis (Romania) |
| 408-413 Constantinople’s landside wall built |
| 408-410 Alaric’s 2nd Invasion of Italy [2/2] |
| 408 Stilicho executed |
| 408.09-12 Alaric’s first siege of Rome |
| 77 Constantine III (409-411) (West) |
| 78 Constans II (409-411) (West) |
| 409 Vandals, Alani, Suebi entered Hispania |
| 409 Battle: Alaric/Valens |
| 409.10-11 Alaric’s second siege of Rome |
| 409 Siege: Ravenna (Italy) |
| 409-411 Usurper: Maximus of Hispania [1/2] |
| 410.08.24 Alaric’s sack of Rome |
| 410 Romans abandon Britain (Britannia) |
| 411 Conference of Carthage (Donatism) |
| 411 Siege: Arles (France) |
| 411-413 Usurper: Jovinus (Mainz) |
| 411-415 Ataulf (Visigoth) |
| 411-418 Silingi Vandals: Hispania Baetica |
| 411-418 Alani: H. Lusitania/Carthaginensis |
| 411-420 Asdingi Vandals: Hispania Gallaecia (northwest Iberian Peninsula) |
| 411-485 Suebi: Hispania Gallaecia ( (northwest Iberian Peninsula)) |
| 411-436 1st Burgundian Kingdom (west Germany) |
| 411-585 Suebi Kingdom (NW Spain) |
| 412 Visigoths crossed the Alps into Gaul |
| 412-413 Usurper: Heraclianus (North Africa) |
| 412-413 Usurper: Sebastianus (Mainz) |
| 413 Truce: Visigoths |
| 413 Massilia besieged by Visigoths |
| 413 Toulouse captured by Visigoths |
| 413 Bordeaux captured by Visigoths |
| 413-426 City of God (Augustine of Hippo) |
| 415-418 Visigoths: Hispania Tarraconensis |
| 418 Visigoths destroyed the Silingi Vandals |
| 418 Visigoths defeated the Alani |
| 418-720 Visigoth Kingdom (southwest France) |
| 418 Alani merged with the Asdingi Vandals |
| 418-720 Visigoths resettled in Aquitaine |
| 419-421 Usurper: Maximus of Hispania [2/2] |
| 419 Battle: Nervasos Mountains (Spain) |
| 420 Vandals entered Baetica (Spain) |
| 420s Moesian Ostrogoths settle in Thrace |
| 421-2 Theodosius’ (1st) Sassanid War [8/9] |
| 421 Ostrogoths allowed to settle in Thrace |
| 421 Nisibis (SE Turkey) besieged by Romans |
| 79 Constantius III (421) (West) |
| 422 Dacia and Thracia attacked by Huns |
| 422 Rhesaina (N Iraq) besieged by Bahram V |
| 422 Treaty: Sassanids (Persia) |
| 423-425 Usurper: Johannes (Ravenna) |
| 424-471 Aspar (East) |
| 80 Valentinian III (425-455) (West) |
| 425 Aetius drove Visigoths away from Arles |
| 426 Visigoths besieged Arelate (France) |
| 427 Siege: Carthage, North Africa (failed) |
| 428 Battle: Aetius/Franks (Germany) |
| 428 Vandals captured Cartagena and Seville |
| 428 Battle: Merida (southwest Spain) |
| 428-477 Gaiseric (Vandal) |
| 429 Vandals crossed to North Africa |
| 429 Vandals captured Mauretania (Africa) |
| 429 Suebi plundered Lusitania, (Spain) |
| 430 Salian Franks captured Cambrai (France), Tournai (Belgium) and Arras (France) |
| 430 Battle: Aetius/Visigoths (France) |
| 430 Battle: Helena (northern France) |
| 430 Battle: Burgundians/Huns (Gaul) |
| 430 Battle: Aetius/Juthungi (Austria) |
| 430 Aetius drove Visigoths away from Arles |
| 430 Suebi (Spain) raided inland |
| 430 Battle: Calama (northeast Algeria) |
| 430-431 Siege: Hippo Regius (Algeria) |
| 430-843 Frankish Kingdom (south Netherlands) |
| 431 Battle: Aetius/Salian Franks (France) |
| 431 1st Council of Ephesus (Nestorianism) |
| 431 Battle: Aetius/Norici (Noricum) |
| 431-534 Vandal Kingdom(North Africa) |
| 431 Raid: central Hispania (Suebi) |
| 432 Battle: Vandals/Empire (Africa) |
| 432-439 Africa diocese overran by Vandals |
| 432 B: Gaiseric/Bonifacius+Aspar (Algeria) |
| 432 Battle: Aetius/Salian Franks (France) |
| 432 Battle: Ariminum (Italy) |
| 432 Treaty: Suebi (Hispania) |
| 434 Battle: Vandals/Aspar (Africa) |
| 434 Huns under Rua devastated Thrace |
| 434-469 Hunnic Empire |
| 434-453 Attila the Hun |
| 434 Huns settled in Pannonia (Hungary) |
| 435 Foundation of Constantinople University |
| 435 Vandals took Mauretanias and Numidia |
| 435 Treaty: Attila (Huns) |
| 435-436 Burgundian Revolt (southwest Germany) |
| 435-437 Revolt: Bagaudae (northwest France) |
| 436 Burgundians plundered Belgica Prima |
| 436 Huns (Empire) plundered Worms |
| 436 Huns (Empire) ended Burgundian Empire |
| 436 Visigoths besieged Narbonne (France) |
| 437 Aetius drove off the Visigoths |
| 437 Aetius fought bagaudae (northwest France) |
| 437 Battle: Lake Maggiore (northern Italy) |
| 458 Battle: Sinuessa (Campania) |
| 438 Battle: Mons Colubrarius (southern France) |
| 438 Suevi seized Baetica and Carthaginienses |
| 438 Battle: Singilis River (Spain) |
| 438 Codex Theodosianus (Theodosius II) |
| 439 Battle: Tolosa (southwest France) |
| 439 Vandals captured Carthage (Africa) |
| 439 Vandals captured Africa Proconsularis |
| 439 Vandals rule North Africa |
| 439 Suebi captured Merida (Spain) |
| 440 Theodosius’ (2nd) Sassanian War [9/9] |
| 440 Sassanids attack Theodosiopolis and Satala |
| 440 Theodosius aborted attack on North Africa |
| 440 Aetius settled Alani around Valence (France) |
| 440-451 Huns invaded the Empire |
| 440 Huns attacked Castra Constantias (Hungaru) |
| 441 Attila sacked Margus (Serbia) |
| 441 Attila sacked Viminacium (Serbia) |
| 441 Attila captured Singidunum (Serbia) |
| 441 Attila captured Sirmium |
| 441 Suebi captured Seville (Spain) |
| 441 Aetius settled Alani near Orleans (France) |
| 442 Treaty: Vandals (North Africa) |
| 442 Attila captured Ratiaria (Bulgaria) |
| 442 Attila captured Naissus (Serbia) |
| 442 Attila captured Serdica (Bulgaria) |
| 442 Attila captured Philippopolis (Bulgaria) |
| 442 Attila captured Arcadiopolis (western Turkey) |
| 442 B: Attila/Empire (west of Constantinople) |
| 442 B: Attila/Empire (near Gallipoli) |
| 443 Treaty: Attila (Huns) |
| 443 Aetius settled Burgundians along Rhine |
| 443-534 2nd Burgundian Kingdom (southeast France) |
| 447.01.27 Earthquake in Constantinople |
| 447 Attila invaded the Balkans |
| 447 Battle: Utus River (northwest Bulgaria) |
| 447 B: Attila/Empire (Thracian Chersonese) |
| 448 Treaty: Attila (Huns) |
| 449 2nd Council of Ephesus (Monophysitism) |
| 449 Suebi attacked the Vascones (northeast Spain) |
| 449 Suebi & bacaudae pillaged Zaragoza area |
| 81 Marcian (450-457) (East) |
| 450 Cancelled Attila’s subsidies |
| 451 Fourth Ecumenical Council at Chalcedon |
| 451 Siege: Divodurum (=Metz, France) (successful) |
| 451 Siege: Aurelianum (=Orleans (France) (failed) |
| 451 Huns captured Tricasses (=Troyes, France) |
| 451.06.20 Battle: Catalaunian Fields (France) |
| 452 Attila raided northern Italy |
| 452 Attila sacked Aquileia (northeast Italy) |
| 452 Attila captured Padua+Vicenza (northeast Italy) |
| 452 Attila captured Mantua+Verona (northern Italy) |
| 452 Attila captured Brescia+Bergamo (northern Italy) |
| 452 Attila captured Ticinum (northwest Italy) |
| 452 Attila captured Mediolanum (norhtwest Italy) |
| 453 Visigoths defeated the Bacaudae (Spain) |
| 453-466 Theodoric II (Visigoth) |
| 454 Battle: Nedao River (Croatia) |
| 454-469 Sciri Kingdom (northwest Hungary) |
| 454-508 Heruli Kingdom(Slovenia) |
| 454-567 Gepid Kingdom(Romania) |
| 455 Alamanni settle in Alsace (France) |
455-518 NON-DYNASTIC (455-476) (W) and the LEONID DYNASTY (457-518) (E)
| 82 Petronius Maximus (455) (West) |
| 455 Vandals landed near the Ostia (Italy) |
| 455 Vandals pillaged Rome for fourteen days |
| 455 Vandals controlled Balearics, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica |
| 83 Avitus (455-456) (West) |
| 456-472 Ricimer (West) |
| 456 Battle: Agrigentum (Sicily) |
| 456 Sea Battle: off Corsica |
| 456 Visigoths sacked Braga (Portugal) |
| 456.10.05 Battle: Campus Paramus (Spain) |
| 456.10.16 Battle: Placentia (Italy) |
| 84 Leo-I (457-474) (East) |
| 85 Majorian (457-461) (West) |
| 457 Alamanni raided northern Italy |
| 457-485 Soissons Kingdom |
| 457 Battle: Lake Maggiore (Italy) |
| 458 Battle: Sinuessa (Campania) |
| 458 Majorian captured Lyons (France) |
| 459 Battle: Arelate (France) |
| 459 Treaty: Visigoths |
| 459-462 Ostrogoths attacked Illyricum |
| 461 Battle: Lucentum (Spain) |
| 86 Libius Severus (461-465) (West) |
| 462 Treaty: Vandals/Leo-I (East) |
| 462 Narbonne given to the Visigoths |
| 463 Alani invaded northern Italy |
| 463 Battle: Orleans (France) |
| 463 Saxons attacked Angers (France) |
| 464-526 Theodoric the Great (Ostrogoth) |
| 464-471 Theodoric hostage in Rome |
| 464.02.06 Battle: Bergomum (Italy) |
| 464 Vandals annexed Corsica and Sardinia |
| 466 Vandals renewed their attacks Greece |
| 466/7 Huns devastated Dacia Ripensis |
| 87 Anthemius (467-472) (West) |
| 468 Battle: Bassianae (Serbia) |
| 468 Sea Battle: Cape Bon (Tunisia) |
| 468 Suebi sacked Conimbriga (Portugal) |
| 469 Visigoths occupied Emerita Augusta (Spain) |
| 469 Anagastes killed Dengizich (Hungary) |
| 469 Battle: Arles (France) |
| 469 Battle: Bolia River (Pannonia) |
| 469 Battle: Deols (France) |
| 470 Battle: Arles (France) |
| 471 Gepids captured Sirmium |
| 471 Ostrogoths occupied Naissus (Serbia) |
| 472 Ricimer besieged and captured Rome |
| 472 Visigoths captured Tarraconensis (Spain) |
| 472 Visigoths captured Pamplona (Spain) |
| 472 Visigoths captured Zaragoza (Spain) |
| 472 Visigoths invaded Italy |
| 472 Visigoths captured Tarragona (Spain) |
| 88 Olybrius (472) (West) |
| 89 Glycerius (473-474) (West) |
| 473 Ostrogoths invaded of Italy |
| 474 Ostrogoths settled in eastern Greece |
| 90 Leo II (474) (East) |
| 91 Zeno (East) [1/2] |
| 92 Julius Nepos (474-475) (West) |
| 474 Treaty: Vandals in Africa |
| 454 Visigoths claim independence in Gaul |
| 93 Basiliscus (475-476) (East) |
| 94 Romulus Augustus (475-476) (West) |
| 95 Zeno (476-491) (East) [2/2] |
| 476.08.23 Siege: Pavia (Lombardy) |
| 476.09.02 Battle: Ravenna (Emilia-Romagna) |
| 476.09.04 Odoacer deposed Romulus |
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