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Astronomy
CONTENTS
Basics
Apparent Motions of the Sun and Stars
Calendars
Conjunction and Opposition
Ecliptic
Equinoxes and Solstices
Motions of the Planets
Precession and Nutation
Solar System
Zodiac
Early European Astronomy
Greek
Greek (7th-2nd Century BC)
Geocentric Universe
Rome (1st Century BC to 6th Century AD)
Western Europe
Ancient and Distant Lands (3200 BC-13th Century AD)
China
Calendars
Observation Instruments
Star Lists and Charts
Egypt
India
Islam
Introduction
Doubts about Ptolemy
Observatories
Mesoamerica
Mesopotamia
Medieval European Astronomy (5th-13th Century)
Renaissance (14th-15th Century)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Regiomontanus (1436-1476)
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Modern Era (16th Century-Present)
16th Century
Cepheids
17th Century
Distances to the Stars
Halley’s Comet
Inverse Square Law
Longitude
Parallax
18th Century
Annual Parallax
Black Holes
Bode’s Law
Milky Way
Nebulae and the Galaxy
Proper Motion
19th Century
Doppler Effect
Magnitude
Relativity
Spectroscopy
Sunspots
20th Century
Big Bang Theory
Expanding Universe
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
Radio Astronomy
Appendices
History of Astronomy (5000 BC-Present): Chronology
Observatories: Alphabetical List
People: Alphabetical List
Beginnings
CONTENTS
Earth and the Universe
Creation of the Universe
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Forming of the Solar System
Galaxies and the Stars
Inflationary Model of the Universe
Nucleosynthesis
Space-Time
Planet Earth
Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle
Structure and the Palaeomagnetic Timescale
Archaeology
Greece and Rome
Antiquarians
Three-Age System
Ancient and Distant Lands
Egypt
Mesopotamia
China and India
Americas and Oceania
Aegean
Antiquity of Man, Early Man
Geological Time (4600 kya-present)
Geological Time Scale
Continental Drift
Fossils and Dating
Supercontinents
Evolution of Life (4600 mya-Present)
Introduction, Taxonomy
Precambrian Superion (4600-541 mya)
Hadean Eon (4600-4000 mya)
Archaean Eon (4000-2500 mya)
Proterozoic Eon (2500-541 mya)
Phanerozoic Eon (541 mya-Present)
Palaeozoic Era (541-252 mya)
Cambrian Period (541-485 mya)
Ordovician Period (485-444 mya)
Silurian Period (444-419 mya)
Devonian Period (419-359 mya)
Carboniferous Period (359-299 mya)
Permian Period (299-252 mya)
Mesozoic Era (252-66 mya)
Triassic Period (252-201 mya)
Jurassic Period (201-145 mya)
Saurischians (‘lizard-hipped’); Theropods, Sauropodomorphs
Ornithischians (‘bird-hipped’)
Cretaceous Period (145-66.0 mya)
Cenozoic Era (66 mya-Present)
Neogene Period (66-2.58 mya)
Palaeocene Epoch (66.0-56.0 mya)
Eocene Epoch (56.0-33.9 mya)
Oligocene Epoch (33.9-23.0 mya)
Miocene Epoch (23.0-5.33 mya), Elephants
Pliocene Epoch (5.33-2.59 mya
Quaternary Period (2.59 mya-Present)
Pleistocene Epoch (2590-11.7 kya) – Ice Age, Humans
Holocene Epoch (9700 BC-present), Current Interglacial, Civilisation
Evolution of Man (25-1.9 mya) – Primates
Hominoids (apes), Hominids (great apes) , Hominines (African apes)
Hominins: Australopiths (ape-men), Hominans (humans)
Stone Ages (3300-7.5 kya)
Palaeolithic (‘Old Stone’ Age) Period (3300-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic (‘Middle Stone’) Age (11.7-8.5 kya)
Neolithic (‘New Stone’ Age) Period (8.5-7.5 kya), Pottery
Metal Ages (5500 BC-Present)
Copper Age (5500-3300 BC)
Bronze Age (3300-1200 BC)
Iron Age (1200 BC-Present)
Appendices
Animal Classification (Just a thought!)
Animal Classification: Scheme
Animal Classification: Sequences
Archaeology: Chronology
Creation of the Universe: Chronology
Evolution-Stone Ages-Metal Ages (4600 mya-Present): Chronology
People: Alphabetical List
Plant Classification (Afterthought)
Ancient Europe
An Outline History of Ancient Europe
Physical Geography of Europe
Geological History of Europe (4600 mya-Present)
Geological History of Europe: Introduction
Evolution of the Continents (3636 mya-Present)
Quaternary Ice Age (2580 mya-present): Pollen Zoning
Chronology (13,600 mya-Present)
Prehistory (1400 kya-2100 BC)
Palaeolithic Period (1400-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic (7000-2500 BC)
Neolithic Period (4000-2100 BC)
Metal Ages (3500 BC-AD 800)
Bronze Age (3500-500 BC)
Iron Age (500 BC-AD 800)
Northwest Europe (9700 BC-AD 410)
Greenland
Iceland
Faroe Islands
Ireland and Britain (Pretanic Isles)
Introduction, Geological History
04 Ireland (Hibernia)
Palaeolithic Period
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC)
Copper Age (2500-2000 BC)
Bronze Age (2000-500 BC)
O’Rahilly’s historical model
Lebor Gabala Erenn
Early Iron Age (500 BC-AD 100)
Late Iron Age (100-400), Myths, Druids
Myths, Druids
Legendary High Kings (1st-5th Centuries)
Celtic Tribes of Ireland (Ptolemy)
Chronology (1700 mya-AD 400)
05 Britain (Britanniae)
05A Scotland (Caledonia)
Palaeolithic Period (14-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Bronze Age (2500-650 BC)
Roman Period (43-407)
. . . Celtic Tribes of Scotland (Ptolemy)
. . . Invasion (209)
. . . Picti and Scoti
Scottish Islands
. . . Introduction
. . . Hebrides
. . . Northern Isles
. . . . . .Orkney
. . . . . . Shetland
05B Wales (Britannia)
Palaeolithic Period (230-11.7 kya)
Neolithic Period (230-2500 BC)
Roman Period (48-410)
. . . Occupation and Settlement (78-383)
. . . Celtic Tribes of Wales, Conquest
05C England (Britannia)
Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC)
. . . Neolithic Monuments
. . . Late Neolithic-Bronze Age, Bronze Age
Palaeolithic Period (900-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Bronze Age (2500-800 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (800-00-43)
. . . Celtic Tribes of England (Ptolemy)
. . . Roman Influence
. . . Celtic Kings
Roman Period (43-410)
. . . Conquest of the South and East (43-48)
. . . Northern Frontier (79-184)
. . . Gallic Empire (260-274)
. . . Diocletian Tetrarchy (293-305)
. . . Britannic Revolt, End of Roman Imperial Rule in Britain
Associated Islands
. . . Channel Islands
Northern Europe (9700 BC-AD 410)
Introduction
Denmark, Norway and Sweden (Scandinavia)
Denmark
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Neolithic Period (4000-1700 BC), Late Neolithic Period
Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC-AD 09)
Roman Period (09-410)
Norway
Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Sweden
Late Upper Palaeolithic (15-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC-AD 09)
Roman Period (09-410)
Finland
Neolithic Period (5300-1500 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC-AD 09)
Roman Period (09-400)
Ancient Near East
An Outline History of the Ancient Near East
Egypt (3050 BC-AD 642)
Physical Geography
prehistory (700 kya-c.3050 BC)
The Nile
Predynastic Period (c.5300-c.3050 BC)
Early Dynastic Period (c.3050-c.2686 BC)
Old Kingdom (c.2686-c.2160 BC)
Middle Kingdom (c.2055-c.1650 BC)
New Kingdom (c.1550-c.1069 BC)
Third Intermediate Period (c.1069-664 BC)
Late Period (664-332 BC)
Graeco-Roman Period (332-395)
Macedonian Dynasty, Ptolemaic Dynasty
Mesopotamia (2900 BC-AD 637)
Prehistory (120 kya-3000 BC)
Early Dynastic Period (c.2900-c.2270 BC)
Akkad Period (c.2270-c.2083 BC)
Gutian Period, Ur III Period (c.2141-c.1940 BC)
Larsa-Isin Period (c.1940-c.1728 BC)
Old Babylonian Period (c.1830-c.1531 BC)
Assyrian Period (729-627 BC)
Achaemenid Period (539-331 BC)
Assyria (2000-608 BC)
Old Assyrian Period (c.2000-c.1353 BC)
Neo-Assyrian Period (935-608 BC)
Fall of Nineveh
Asia Minor (c.9600 BC-AD 1453)
Physical Geography
Prehistory (c.9600-c.3300 BC)
Neolithic Period (c.9600-c.6000 BC)
Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-546 BC)
Greek Colonization (c.750-c.550 BC)
Greek Period (333-190 BC)
Roman Period (190 BC-AD 395)
Syria (3300 BC-AD 637)
Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC)
Roman Period (63 BC-AD-395)
Phoenicia (3300 BC-AD 637)
Achaemenid Period (539-332-BC)
Roman Period
Palestine (3300 BC-AD 638)
Bronze age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC)
Greek Period (333-63 BC)
Roman Period (63 BC-AD 395)
Herodian Dynasty (37 BC-AD 92)
Herod the Great
Constantine-I the Great (65; r.306-337)
Persia (3200 BC-AD 651)
Prehistory (800 kya-c.3200 BC)
Median Period (728-549 BC)
Achaemenid Period (550-330 BC)
Sassanid Dynasty (224-651)
Appendices
Ancient Near East (2500 kya-AD 1453), Chronology
Ancient Greece
An Outline History of Ancient Greece
Physical Geography
Prehistory (700 kya-c.1350 BC)
Bronze Age (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
Minoan Civilisation (c.3650-c.1100 BC)
Cycladic Civilisation (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
Helladic Period (c.2800-c.1100 BC)
Troy (c.3000-1st Century BC)
Dark Age (c.1100-c.750 BC)
Chronology (700 kya-756 BC): Prehistory, Bronze Age, Dark Age
Early Archaic Period c.750-546 BC)
Homer and Hesiod
Colonial Expansion
Panhellenism and Tyranny
Northern Greece
Central Greece
Attica
Eastern Aegean
Southern Greece
Southern Italy
Greek Cities: Sicily; Syracuse, Gela
Black Sea
Greek Cities, Sinope, Trapezus, Olbia
Chronology
Late Archaic Period (546-479 BC)
Advance of Persia (546-c.511 BC)
Developments in Warfare; Chariots, Hoplites, Warships, Wall Fortification
Persian Wars (499-449 BC)
Chronology
Early Classical Period (479-446 BC)
Delian League (478-454 BC)
Delian League (478-454 BC)
Western Greeks (1/2) (c.580-446 BC)
First Peloponnesian War (c.460-446 BC)
Chronology
Middle Classical Period (446-404 BC)
Thirty Years’ Treaty (446-431 BC)
Second (=Great) Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)
Archidamian War (431-421 BC)
Interlude (421-413 BC)
Decelean (=Ionian) War (413-404 BC)
Late Classical period (404-323 BC)
Second Siciliian War (410-367 BC)
Spartan Hegemony (404-386 BC)
Decline of Sparta (386-371 BC)
Theban Hegenomy (371-362 BC)
Philip II of Macedon (46; r.359-336 BC)
Western Greeks (2/2) (367-331 BC)
Alexander III the Great (32; r.336-323 BC)
Hellenistic Period (323-146 BC)
Rebellion in Greece, Lamian War (323-321 BC)
Diadochian Wars (322-276 BC)
Antigonid Era (276-146 BC)
Roman Period (146 BC-AD 395)
Byzantine Period (395-1453)
Roman Republic
An Outline History of the Roman Republic (509-27 BC)
Physical Geography
Prehistory (850 kya-2300 BC)
Palaeolithic and Mesolithic
Neolithic and Chalcoithic
Bronze Age (2300-1150 BC)
Early Iron Age (c.900 BC)
Villanovans, Greeks; Phoenicians and Carthaginians
Etruscans (c.800-509 BC)
Etruscans: Southern Expansion, Northern Expansion
Regal Rome (c.753-509 BC)
Introduction
Traditional Story
Etruscan Kings of Rome (616-509 BC)
Chronology
Early Roman Republic (509-264 BC)
Society [1/2]
Religion, Plebeians
Government [1/3]
Assemblies
Magistrates
Conflict of the Orders (485-287 BC)
Cessations of the Plebeians (494, 449, 445, 342, 287 BC)
Roman Conquest of Italy (505-264 BC)
Rome and her Neighbours (505-338 BC)
. . . Sabines, Triple Alliance
. . . Volsci and the Aequi
Gallic Invasion of Rome (390/387 BC)
Roman Expansion (389-349 BC)
. . . Aequi, Volsci
. . . Etruscans. Latins and Hernici
Samnite and Latin Wars (343-290 BC)
. . . First Samnite War
. . . Second (=Great) Samnite War
. . . Third Samnite War
Gauls (284-283 BC) [2/2]
Conquest of Southern Italy (280-264 BC)
. . . Pyrrhic War
Roads and Aqueducts
Chronology
Middle Roman Republic (264-133 BC)
First Punic War (264-241 BC)
Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica (264-257 BC)
North Africa (256-255 BC)
Return to Sicily (254-241 BC)
Between the First and Second Punic Wars (241-218 BC)
Sardina
Illyria, First and Second wars with Rome
Second Punic War (218-201 BC)
Preliminaries
War in Africa (204-202 BC)
War in Spain (211-206 BC) [3/7]
Revolt of Syracuse (214-211 BC)
Hannibal in Southern Italy (217-215 BC) [1/2]
Eastern Mediterranean (204-146 BC)
Western Mediterranean (206-146 BC)
Late Roman Republic (133-27 BC)
Society [2/2]
Gracchan Reforms (133-121 BC)
Gaius Marius (70; fl.133-86 BC)
Sulla (c.60; fl.106-78 BC)
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (=Pompey; 58; fl.82-48 BC)
Gaius Octavius (76; fl.47 BC AD-14)
Julius Caesar (=Caesar; 56; fl.85-44 BC)
Appendices
Carthaginian Leaders (North Africa)
Prehistory, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age: Chronology (850 kya-770 BC)
Roman Family Names
Cornelius (61)
Aurelius (28)
Claudius (46)
Flavius (81)
Julius (49)
Roman Empire
An Outline History of the Roman Empire
Chronology
Roman Emperors (27 BC-AD 476)
Roman Usurpers (41 BC-AD 486)
Early Roman Empire (27 BC-AD 193)
Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BC-68 AD)
Chronology
Augustus (76; r.27.01-00-14.08)
Tiberius (78; r.14-37)
Caligula (28; r.37.03-41.01)
Claudius-I (64; r.41-54)
Nero (30; r.54.10-68.06)
Year of the Four Emperors (69)
Galba, Otho
Chronology
Flavian Dynasty (69-96)
Chronology
Vespasian (69; r.69-79)
Domitian (44; r.81-96)
Nervan-Antonine Dynasty (96-193)
Chronology
Nerva (67; r.96-98)
Trajan (63; r.98-117)
Antoninus Pius (74; r.138-161)
Marcus Aurelius (58; r.161-180)
Commodus (31; r.177-192)
Year of the Five Emperors (193)
Middle Roman Empire (193-284)
Severan Dynasty (193-211, 218-235)
Chronology
Military Anarchy (235-284)
Maximinus-I Thrax, Gordian, Gordian II, Balbinus, Pupienus
Philip-I The Arab, Philip II
Decius, Herennius Etruscus
Gallienus, Saloninus
Aurelian
Late Roman Empire (284-476)
Diocletian, Maximian
Constantinian Dynasty (305-364)
Tetrarchic Wars (306-324)
Constantine II, Constans, Constantius II
Valentinian-Theodosian Dynasty (364-455)
Valens, Valentinian II
Interregnum (392–425)
Honorus
Theodosius II
Constantine III, Constans II, Constantius III
Valentinian III
Restoration (425-455)
Marcian (450-457)
Non-dynastic (455-476) (W) and the Leonid Dynasty (455-518) (E)
Avitus (W)
Libius Severus, Anthemius
Olybrius, Glycerius, Leo II, Zeno [1/2], Julius Nepos, Romulus Augustulus, Basiliscus, Zeno [2/2]
Home
Astronomy
CONTENTS
Basics
Apparent Motions of the Sun and Stars
Calendars
Conjunction and Opposition
Ecliptic
Equinoxes and Solstices
Motions of the Planets
Precession and Nutation
Solar System
Zodiac
Early European Astronomy
Greek
Greek (7th-2nd Century BC)
Geocentric Universe
Rome (1st Century BC to 6th Century AD)
Western Europe
Ancient and Distant Lands (3200 BC-13th Century AD)
China
Calendars
Observation Instruments
Star Lists and Charts
Egypt
India
Islam
Introduction
Doubts about Ptolemy
Observatories
Mesoamerica
Mesopotamia
Medieval European Astronomy (5th-13th Century)
Renaissance (14th-15th Century)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Regiomontanus (1436-1476)
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Modern Era (16th Century-Present)
16th Century
Cepheids
17th Century
Distances to the Stars
Halley’s Comet
Inverse Square Law
Longitude
Parallax
18th Century
Annual Parallax
Black Holes
Bode’s Law
Milky Way
Nebulae and the Galaxy
Proper Motion
19th Century
Doppler Effect
Magnitude
Relativity
Spectroscopy
Sunspots
20th Century
Big Bang Theory
Expanding Universe
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
Radio Astronomy
Appendices
History of Astronomy (5000 BC-Present): Chronology
Observatories: Alphabetical List
People: Alphabetical List
Beginnings
CONTENTS
Earth and the Universe
Creation of the Universe
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Forming of the Solar System
Galaxies and the Stars
Inflationary Model of the Universe
Nucleosynthesis
Space-Time
Planet Earth
Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle
Structure and the Palaeomagnetic Timescale
Archaeology
Greece and Rome
Antiquarians
Three-Age System
Ancient and Distant Lands
Egypt
Mesopotamia
China and India
Americas and Oceania
Aegean
Antiquity of Man, Early Man
Geological Time (4600 kya-present)
Geological Time Scale
Continental Drift
Fossils and Dating
Supercontinents
Evolution of Life (4600 mya-Present)
Introduction, Taxonomy
Precambrian Superion (4600-541 mya)
Hadean Eon (4600-4000 mya)
Archaean Eon (4000-2500 mya)
Proterozoic Eon (2500-541 mya)
Phanerozoic Eon (541 mya-Present)
Palaeozoic Era (541-252 mya)
Cambrian Period (541-485 mya)
Ordovician Period (485-444 mya)
Silurian Period (444-419 mya)
Devonian Period (419-359 mya)
Carboniferous Period (359-299 mya)
Permian Period (299-252 mya)
Mesozoic Era (252-66 mya)
Triassic Period (252-201 mya)
Jurassic Period (201-145 mya)
Saurischians (‘lizard-hipped’); Theropods, Sauropodomorphs
Ornithischians (‘bird-hipped’)
Cretaceous Period (145-66.0 mya)
Cenozoic Era (66 mya-Present)
Neogene Period (66-2.58 mya)
Palaeocene Epoch (66.0-56.0 mya)
Eocene Epoch (56.0-33.9 mya)
Oligocene Epoch (33.9-23.0 mya)
Miocene Epoch (23.0-5.33 mya), Elephants
Pliocene Epoch (5.33-2.59 mya
Quaternary Period (2.59 mya-Present)
Pleistocene Epoch (2590-11.7 kya) – Ice Age, Humans
Holocene Epoch (9700 BC-present), Current Interglacial, Civilisation
Evolution of Man (25-1.9 mya) – Primates
Hominoids (apes), Hominids (great apes) , Hominines (African apes)
Hominins: Australopiths (ape-men), Hominans (humans)
Stone Ages (3300-7.5 kya)
Palaeolithic (‘Old Stone’ Age) Period (3300-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic (‘Middle Stone’) Age (11.7-8.5 kya)
Neolithic (‘New Stone’ Age) Period (8.5-7.5 kya), Pottery
Metal Ages (5500 BC-Present)
Copper Age (5500-3300 BC)
Bronze Age (3300-1200 BC)
Iron Age (1200 BC-Present)
Appendices
Animal Classification (Just a thought!)
Animal Classification: Scheme
Animal Classification: Sequences
Archaeology: Chronology
Creation of the Universe: Chronology
Evolution-Stone Ages-Metal Ages (4600 mya-Present): Chronology
People: Alphabetical List
Plant Classification (Afterthought)
Ancient Europe
An Outline History of Ancient Europe
Physical Geography of Europe
Geological History of Europe (4600 mya-Present)
Geological History of Europe: Introduction
Evolution of the Continents (3636 mya-Present)
Quaternary Ice Age (2580 mya-present): Pollen Zoning
Chronology (13,600 mya-Present)
Prehistory (1400 kya-2100 BC)
Palaeolithic Period (1400-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic (7000-2500 BC)
Neolithic Period (4000-2100 BC)
Metal Ages (3500 BC-AD 800)
Bronze Age (3500-500 BC)
Iron Age (500 BC-AD 800)
Northwest Europe (9700 BC-AD 410)
Greenland
Iceland
Faroe Islands
Ireland and Britain (Pretanic Isles)
Introduction, Geological History
04 Ireland (Hibernia)
Palaeolithic Period
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC)
Copper Age (2500-2000 BC)
Bronze Age (2000-500 BC)
O’Rahilly’s historical model
Lebor Gabala Erenn
Early Iron Age (500 BC-AD 100)
Late Iron Age (100-400), Myths, Druids
Myths, Druids
Legendary High Kings (1st-5th Centuries)
Celtic Tribes of Ireland (Ptolemy)
Chronology (1700 mya-AD 400)
05 Britain (Britanniae)
05A Scotland (Caledonia)
Palaeolithic Period (14-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Bronze Age (2500-650 BC)
Roman Period (43-407)
. . . Celtic Tribes of Scotland (Ptolemy)
. . . Invasion (209)
. . . Picti and Scoti
Scottish Islands
. . . Introduction
. . . Hebrides
. . . Northern Isles
. . . . . .Orkney
. . . . . . Shetland
05B Wales (Britannia)
Palaeolithic Period (230-11.7 kya)
Neolithic Period (230-2500 BC)
Roman Period (48-410)
. . . Occupation and Settlement (78-383)
. . . Celtic Tribes of Wales, Conquest
05C England (Britannia)
Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC)
. . . Neolithic Monuments
. . . Late Neolithic-Bronze Age, Bronze Age
Palaeolithic Period (900-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Bronze Age (2500-800 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (800-00-43)
. . . Celtic Tribes of England (Ptolemy)
. . . Roman Influence
. . . Celtic Kings
Roman Period (43-410)
. . . Conquest of the South and East (43-48)
. . . Northern Frontier (79-184)
. . . Gallic Empire (260-274)
. . . Diocletian Tetrarchy (293-305)
. . . Britannic Revolt, End of Roman Imperial Rule in Britain
Associated Islands
. . . Channel Islands
Northern Europe (9700 BC-AD 410)
Introduction
Denmark, Norway and Sweden (Scandinavia)
Denmark
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Neolithic Period (4000-1700 BC), Late Neolithic Period
Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC-AD 09)
Roman Period (09-410)
Norway
Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Sweden
Late Upper Palaeolithic (15-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC-AD 09)
Roman Period (09-410)
Finland
Neolithic Period (5300-1500 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC-AD 09)
Roman Period (09-400)
Ancient Near East
An Outline History of the Ancient Near East
Egypt (3050 BC-AD 642)
Physical Geography
prehistory (700 kya-c.3050 BC)
The Nile
Predynastic Period (c.5300-c.3050 BC)
Early Dynastic Period (c.3050-c.2686 BC)
Old Kingdom (c.2686-c.2160 BC)
Middle Kingdom (c.2055-c.1650 BC)
New Kingdom (c.1550-c.1069 BC)
Third Intermediate Period (c.1069-664 BC)
Late Period (664-332 BC)
Graeco-Roman Period (332-395)
Macedonian Dynasty, Ptolemaic Dynasty
Mesopotamia (2900 BC-AD 637)
Prehistory (120 kya-3000 BC)
Early Dynastic Period (c.2900-c.2270 BC)
Akkad Period (c.2270-c.2083 BC)
Gutian Period, Ur III Period (c.2141-c.1940 BC)
Larsa-Isin Period (c.1940-c.1728 BC)
Old Babylonian Period (c.1830-c.1531 BC)
Assyrian Period (729-627 BC)
Achaemenid Period (539-331 BC)
Assyria (2000-608 BC)
Old Assyrian Period (c.2000-c.1353 BC)
Neo-Assyrian Period (935-608 BC)
Fall of Nineveh
Asia Minor (c.9600 BC-AD 1453)
Physical Geography
Prehistory (c.9600-c.3300 BC)
Neolithic Period (c.9600-c.6000 BC)
Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-546 BC)
Greek Colonization (c.750-c.550 BC)
Greek Period (333-190 BC)
Roman Period (190 BC-AD 395)
Syria (3300 BC-AD 637)
Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC)
Roman Period (63 BC-AD-395)
Phoenicia (3300 BC-AD 637)
Achaemenid Period (539-332-BC)
Roman Period
Palestine (3300 BC-AD 638)
Bronze age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC)
Greek Period (333-63 BC)
Roman Period (63 BC-AD 395)
Herodian Dynasty (37 BC-AD 92)
Herod the Great
Constantine-I the Great (65; r.306-337)
Persia (3200 BC-AD 651)
Prehistory (800 kya-c.3200 BC)
Median Period (728-549 BC)
Achaemenid Period (550-330 BC)
Sassanid Dynasty (224-651)
Appendices
Ancient Near East (2500 kya-AD 1453), Chronology
Ancient Greece
An Outline History of Ancient Greece
Physical Geography
Prehistory (700 kya-c.1350 BC)
Bronze Age (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
Minoan Civilisation (c.3650-c.1100 BC)
Cycladic Civilisation (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
Helladic Period (c.2800-c.1100 BC)
Troy (c.3000-1st Century BC)
Dark Age (c.1100-c.750 BC)
Chronology (700 kya-756 BC): Prehistory, Bronze Age, Dark Age
Early Archaic Period c.750-546 BC)
Homer and Hesiod
Colonial Expansion
Panhellenism and Tyranny
Northern Greece
Central Greece
Attica
Eastern Aegean
Southern Greece
Southern Italy
Greek Cities: Sicily; Syracuse, Gela
Black Sea
Greek Cities, Sinope, Trapezus, Olbia
Chronology
Late Archaic Period (546-479 BC)
Advance of Persia (546-c.511 BC)
Developments in Warfare; Chariots, Hoplites, Warships, Wall Fortification
Persian Wars (499-449 BC)
Chronology
Early Classical Period (479-446 BC)
Delian League (478-454 BC)
Delian League (478-454 BC)
Western Greeks (1/2) (c.580-446 BC)
First Peloponnesian War (c.460-446 BC)
Chronology
Middle Classical Period (446-404 BC)
Thirty Years’ Treaty (446-431 BC)
Second (=Great) Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)
Archidamian War (431-421 BC)
Interlude (421-413 BC)
Decelean (=Ionian) War (413-404 BC)
Late Classical period (404-323 BC)
Second Siciliian War (410-367 BC)
Spartan Hegemony (404-386 BC)
Decline of Sparta (386-371 BC)
Theban Hegenomy (371-362 BC)
Philip II of Macedon (46; r.359-336 BC)
Western Greeks (2/2) (367-331 BC)
Alexander III the Great (32; r.336-323 BC)
Hellenistic Period (323-146 BC)
Rebellion in Greece, Lamian War (323-321 BC)
Diadochian Wars (322-276 BC)
Antigonid Era (276-146 BC)
Roman Period (146 BC-AD 395)
Byzantine Period (395-1453)
Roman Republic
An Outline History of the Roman Republic (509-27 BC)
Physical Geography
Prehistory (850 kya-2300 BC)
Palaeolithic and Mesolithic
Neolithic and Chalcoithic
Bronze Age (2300-1150 BC)
Early Iron Age (c.900 BC)
Villanovans, Greeks; Phoenicians and Carthaginians
Etruscans (c.800-509 BC)
Etruscans: Southern Expansion, Northern Expansion
Regal Rome (c.753-509 BC)
Introduction
Traditional Story
Etruscan Kings of Rome (616-509 BC)
Chronology
Early Roman Republic (509-264 BC)
Society [1/2]
Religion, Plebeians
Government [1/3]
Assemblies
Magistrates
Conflict of the Orders (485-287 BC)
Cessations of the Plebeians (494, 449, 445, 342, 287 BC)
Roman Conquest of Italy (505-264 BC)
Rome and her Neighbours (505-338 BC)
. . . Sabines, Triple Alliance
. . . Volsci and the Aequi
Gallic Invasion of Rome (390/387 BC)
Roman Expansion (389-349 BC)
. . . Aequi, Volsci
. . . Etruscans. Latins and Hernici
Samnite and Latin Wars (343-290 BC)
. . . First Samnite War
. . . Second (=Great) Samnite War
. . . Third Samnite War
Gauls (284-283 BC) [2/2]
Conquest of Southern Italy (280-264 BC)
. . . Pyrrhic War
Roads and Aqueducts
Chronology
Middle Roman Republic (264-133 BC)
First Punic War (264-241 BC)
Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica (264-257 BC)
North Africa (256-255 BC)
Return to Sicily (254-241 BC)
Between the First and Second Punic Wars (241-218 BC)
Sardina
Illyria, First and Second wars with Rome
Second Punic War (218-201 BC)
Preliminaries
War in Africa (204-202 BC)
War in Spain (211-206 BC) [3/7]
Revolt of Syracuse (214-211 BC)
Hannibal in Southern Italy (217-215 BC) [1/2]
Eastern Mediterranean (204-146 BC)
Western Mediterranean (206-146 BC)
Late Roman Republic (133-27 BC)
Society [2/2]
Gracchan Reforms (133-121 BC)
Gaius Marius (70; fl.133-86 BC)
Sulla (c.60; fl.106-78 BC)
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (=Pompey; 58; fl.82-48 BC)
Gaius Octavius (76; fl.47 BC AD-14)
Julius Caesar (=Caesar; 56; fl.85-44 BC)
Appendices
Carthaginian Leaders (North Africa)
Prehistory, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age: Chronology (850 kya-770 BC)
Roman Family Names
Cornelius (61)
Aurelius (28)
Claudius (46)
Flavius (81)
Julius (49)
Roman Empire
An Outline History of the Roman Empire
Chronology
Roman Emperors (27 BC-AD 476)
Roman Usurpers (41 BC-AD 486)
Early Roman Empire (27 BC-AD 193)
Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BC-68 AD)
Chronology
Augustus (76; r.27.01-00-14.08)
Tiberius (78; r.14-37)
Caligula (28; r.37.03-41.01)
Claudius-I (64; r.41-54)
Nero (30; r.54.10-68.06)
Year of the Four Emperors (69)
Galba, Otho
Chronology
Flavian Dynasty (69-96)
Chronology
Vespasian (69; r.69-79)
Domitian (44; r.81-96)
Nervan-Antonine Dynasty (96-193)
Chronology
Nerva (67; r.96-98)
Trajan (63; r.98-117)
Antoninus Pius (74; r.138-161)
Marcus Aurelius (58; r.161-180)
Commodus (31; r.177-192)
Year of the Five Emperors (193)
Middle Roman Empire (193-284)
Severan Dynasty (193-211, 218-235)
Chronology
Military Anarchy (235-284)
Maximinus-I Thrax, Gordian, Gordian II, Balbinus, Pupienus
Philip-I The Arab, Philip II
Decius, Herennius Etruscus
Gallienus, Saloninus
Aurelian
Late Roman Empire (284-476)
Diocletian, Maximian
Constantinian Dynasty (305-364)
Tetrarchic Wars (306-324)
Constantine II, Constans, Constantius II
Valentinian-Theodosian Dynasty (364-455)
Valens, Valentinian II
Interregnum (392–425)
Honorus
Theodosius II
Constantine III, Constans II, Constantius III
Valentinian III
Restoration (425-455)
Marcian (450-457)
Non-dynastic (455-476) (W) and the Leonid Dynasty (455-518) (E)
Avitus (W)
Libius Severus, Anthemius
Olybrius, Glycerius, Leo II, Zeno [1/2], Julius Nepos, Romulus Augustulus, Basiliscus, Zeno [2/2]
Category:
Cessations of the Plebeians (494, 449, 445, 342, 287 BC)
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