Skip to the content
AntiquityComplete
  • Home
  • Astronomy
    • Contents
    • Basics
      • Apparent Motions of the Sun and Stars
      • Calendars
      • Conjunction and Opposition
      • Ecliptic
      • Equinoxes and Solstices
      • Motions of the Planets
      • Precession and Nutation
      • Solar System
      • Zodiac
    • Early European Astronomy
      • Greek
        • Introduction
        • Geocentric Universe
      • Rome
        • Julian Calendar
      • Western Europe
    • Ancient and Distant Lands
      • China
        • Calendars
        • Observation Instruments
        • Star Lists and Charts
      • Egypt
      • India
      • Islam
        • Introduction
        • Observatories
        • Doubts about Ptolemy
      • Mesoamerica
      • Mesopotamia
    • Medieval Period (5th-13th Century)
    • Renaissance (14th-15th Century)
      • Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
      • Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
      • Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
      • Regiomontanus (1436-1476)
      • Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
    • Modern Era (16th Century-Present)
      • 16th Century
        • Cepheids
      • 17th Century
        • Distances to the Stars
        • Halley’s Comet
        • Inverse Square Law
        • Longitude
        • Parallax
      • 18th Century
        • Annual Parallax
        • Black Holes
        • Bode’s Law
        • Milky Way
        • Nebulae and the Galaxy
        • Proper Motion
      • 19th Century
        • Doppler Effect
        • Magnitude
        • Relativity
        • Spectroscopy
        • Sunspots
      • 20th Century
        • Big Bang Theory
        • Expanding Universe
        • Radio Astronomy
        • Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
    • Appendices
      • History of Astronomy (5000 BC-Present), Chronology
      • Observatories, List
      • People, List
  • Beginnings
    • Contents
    • Earth and the Universe
      • Creation of the Universe
        • Chronology
        • Introduction
      • Dark Matter and Dark Energy
      • Forming of the Solar System
      • Galaxies and the Stars
      • Nucleosynthesis
      • Space-Time
    • Planet Earth
      •  Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle
      • Structure and the Palaeomagnetic Timescale
    • Archaeology
      • Chronology
      • Ancient and Distant Lands
        • Aegean
        • Americas and Oceania
        • Antiquity of Man, Early Man
        • China and India
        • Egypt
        • Mesopotamia
      • Antiquarians
      • Greece and Rome
      • Three-Age System
    • Geological Time (4600 kya-present)
      • Chronology
      • Continental Drift
      • Fossils and Dating
      • Supercontinents
    • Evolution of Life (4600 mya-Present)
      • Chronology
      • Introduction, Taxonomy
      • Precambrian Superion (4600-541 mya)
        • Hadean Eon (4600-4000 mya)
        • Archaean Eon (4000-2500 mya)
        • Proterozoic Eon (2500-541 mya)
      • Phanerozoic Eon (541 mya-Present)
        • Palaeozoic Era (541-252 mya)
          • Cambrian Period (541-485 mya)
          • Ordovician Period (485-444 mya)
          • Silurian Period (444-419 mya)
          • Devonian Period (419-359 mya), Amphibians
          • Carboniferous Period (359-299 mya)
          • Permian Period (299-252 mya), Seed Plants
        • Mesozoic Era (252-66 mya)
          • Triassic Period (252-201 mya)
          • Jurassic Period (201-145 mya)
          • Cretaceous Period (145-66 mya)
        • Cenozoic Era (66 mya-Present)
          • Neogene Period (66-2.58 mya)
            • Palaeocene Epoch (66.0-56.0 mya)
            • Eocene Epoch (56.0-33.9 mya)
            • Oligocene Epoch (33.9-23.0 mya)
            • Miocene Epoch (23.0-5.33 mya), Elephants
            • Pliocene Epoch (5.33-2.59 mya
            • Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs
    • Evolution of Man (66,000-200 kya)
    • Stone Ages (2600-11.7 kya)
      • Palaeolithic (‘Old Stone’) Age (2600-11.7 kya)
      • Mesolithic (‘Middle Stone’) Age (11.7-8.5 kya)
      • Neolithic (‘New Stone’) Age (8.5-6.5 kya), Pottery
    • Metal Ages (5500 BC-AD 800)
  • Ancient Europe
    • Outline History
    • Physical Geography
    • Geological History (4600 mya-Present)
      • Chronology
      • Introduction
      • Evolution of the Continents (3636 mya-Present)
      • Quaternary Ice Age (2580 mya-present)
    • Prehistory (1400 kya-2100 BC)
      • Palaeolithic Period (1400-11.7 kya)
      • Mesolithic (7000-2500 BC)
      • Neolithic Period (4000-2100 BC)
    • Metal Ages (3500 BC-AD 800)
      • Bronze Age (3500-500 BC
      • Iron Age 500 BC-AD 800)
    • Northwest Europe (9700 BC-AD 410)
      • Greenland
      • Iceland
      • Ireland and Britain
        • Introduction, Geological History
        • Ireland
          • Chronology (1700 mya-AD 400)
          • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
          • Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC) (i)
          • Copper Age (2500-2000 BC)
          • Bronze Age (2000-500 BC)
            • O’rahilly’s historical model
          • Late Iron Age (100-400), Myths, Druids
        • Britain
          • Scotland
            • Palaeolithic Period (14-11.7 kya)
            • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
            • Bronze Age (2500-650 BC)
            • Celtic Tribes of Scotland (Ptolemy)
            • Roman Period (43-407)
            • Invasion (209)
            • Picti and Scoti
            • Scottish Islands
              • Introduction
              • Northern Isles
              • Shetland
              • Orkney
          • Wales
            • Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC)
          • England
            • Palaeolithic Period (900-11.7 kya)
            • Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC)
            • Bronze Age (2500-800 BC)
            • Pre-Roman Iron Age (800-00-43)
            • Roman Period (43-410)
    • Northern Europe (9700 BC-AD 410)
      • Introduction
      • Denmark
      • Norway
      • Sweden
        • Late Upper Palaeolithic (15-11.7 kya)
        • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
        • Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
        • Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC-AD 09)
        • Roman Period (09-400)
  • Ancient Near East
    • Outline History
    • Chronology
      • History of Astronomy (5000 BC-Present), Chronology
    • Egypt (3050 BC-AD 642)
      • Physical Geography
      • prehistory (700 kya-c.3050 BC)
      • Predynastic Period (c.5300-c.3050 BC)
      • Early Dynastic Period (c.3050-c.2686 BC)
      • Old Kingdom (c.2686-c.2160 BC)
      • Middle Kingdom (c.2055-c.1650 BC)
      • New Kingdom (c.1550-c.1069 BC)
      • Third Intermediate Period (c.1069-664 BC)
      • Late Period (664-332 BC)
      • Graeco-Roman Period (332-395)
        • Macedonian Dynasty, Ptolemaic Dynasty
    • Mesopotamia (2900 BC-AD 637)
      • Prehistory (120 kya-3000 BC)
      • Early Dynastic Period (c.2900-c.2270 BC)
      • Ancient Near East, Mesopotamia: Gutian Period, Ur III Period (c.2141-c.1940 BC)
      • Old Babylonian Period (c.1830-c.1531 BC)
      • Assyrian Period (729-627 BC)
      • Achaemenid Period (539-331 BC)
    • Assyria (2000-608 BC)
      • Neo-Assyrian Period (935-608 BC)
    • Asia Minor (c.9600 BC-AD 1453)
      • Prehistory (c.9600-c.3300 BC)
        • Neolithic Period (c.9600-c.6000 BC)
      • Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
      • Iron Age (c.1200-546 BC)
      • Greek Period (333-190 BC)
      • Roman Period (190 BC-AD 395)
    • Syria (3300 BC-AD 637)
      • Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
      • Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC)
      • Roman Period (63 BC-AD-395)
    • Phoenicia (3300 BC-AD 637)
      • Achaemenid Period (539-332-BC)
      • Roman Period (Ph)
    • Palestine (3300 BC-AD 638)
      • Bronze age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
      • Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC)
      • Greek Period (333-63 BC)
      • Roman Period (63 BC-AD 395)
    • Persia (3200 BC-AD 651)
      • Prehistory (800 kya-c.3200 BC)
      • Median Period (728-549 BC)
      • Achaemenid Period (550-330 BC)
      • Sassanid Dynasty (224-651)
  • Ancient Greece
    • Physical Geography
    • Chronology (700 kya-756 BC): Prehistory, Bronze Age, Dark Age
    • Prehistory (700 kya-c.1350 BC)
    • Bronze Age (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
      • Minoan Civilisation (c.3650-c.1100 BC)
      • Cycladic Civilisation (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
      • Helladic Period (c.2800-c.1100 BC)
        • Introduction
    • Dark Age (c.1100-c.750 BC)
    • Outline History
    • Early Archaic Period c.750-546 BC)
      • Chronology
      • Homer and Hesiod
      • Central Greece
      • Colonial Expansion
      • Eastern Aegean
      • Northern Greece
      • Panhellenism and Tyranny
      • Southern Greece
      • Southern Italy
    • Late Archaic Period (546-479 BC)
      • Chronology
      • Persian Wars (499-449 BC)
    • Early Classical Period (479-446 BC)
      • Chronology
      • Delian League (478-454 BC)
      • Western Greeks (1/2) (c.580-446 BC)
      • First Peloponnesian War (c.460-446 BC)
    • Middle Classical Period (446-404 BC)
      • Thirty Years’ Treaty (446-431 BC)
      • Second (=Great) Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)
        • Archidamian War (431-421 BC)
        • Interlude (421-413 BC)
        • Decelean (=Ionian) War (413-404 BC)
    • Late Classical period (404-323 BC)
      • Second Siciliian War (410-367 BC)
      • Spartan Hegemony (404-386 BC)
      • Decline of Sparta (386-371 BC)
      • Theban Hegenomy (371-362 BC)
      • Philip II of Macedon (46; r.359-336 BC)
      • Western Greeks (2/2) (367-331 BC)
      • Alexander III the Great (32; r.336-323 BC)
    • Hellenistic Period (323-146 BC)
      • Rebellion in Greece, Lamian War (323-321 BC)
      • Diadochian Wars (322-276 BC)
      • Antigonid Era (276-146 BC)
    • Roman Period (146 BC-AD 395)
    • Byzantine Period (395-1453)
  • Roman Republic
    • Physical Geography
    • Outline History
    • Chronology
      • Roman Family Names
      • Carthaginian Leaders
      • Chronology (850 kya-770 BC) : Prehistory, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age
    • Prehistory (850 kya-2300 BC)
      • Palaeolithic and Mesolithic
      • Neolithic and Chalcoithic
    • Bronze Age (2300-1150 BC)
    • Pre-Roman Iron Age (c.900-509 BC)
    • Regal Rome (c.753-509 BC)
      • Chronology
      • Traditional Story
    • Early Roman Republic (509-264 BC)
      • Chronology
      • Society [2/4]
      • Government [1/3]
      • Assemblies
      • Magistrates
      • Conflict of the Orders (485-287 BC)
      • Roman Conquest of Italy (505-264 BC)
        • Rome and her Neighbours (505-338 BC)
        • Gallic Invasion of Rome (390/387 BC)
        • Roman Expansion (389-349 BC)
        • Samnite and Latin Wars (343-290 BC)
        • Gauls (284-283 BC) [2/2]
        • Conquest of Southern Italy (280-264 BC)
        • Roads and Aqueducts
    • Middle Roman Republic (264-133 BC)
      • First Punic War (264-241 BC)
      • First Punic War (264-241 BC)
      • Between the First and Second Punic Wars (241-218 BC)
      • Second Punic War (218-201 BC)
      • Eastern Mediterranean (204-146 BC)
      • Western Mediterranean (206-146 BC)
    • Late Roman Republic (133-27 BC)
      • Society [3/4]
      • Gracchan Reforms (133-121 BC)
      • Gaius Marius (70; fl.133-86 BC)
      • Sulla (c.60; fl.106-78 BC)
      • Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (=Pompey; 58; fl.82-48 BC)
      • Gaius Octavius (76; fl.47 BC AD-14)
      • Julius Caesar (=Caesar; 56; fl.85-44 BC)
  • Roman Empire
    • Outline History
    • Chronology
      • Roman Emperors (27 BC-AD 476)
      • Roman Usurpers (41 BC-AD 486)
    • Early Roman Empire (27 BC-AD 193)
      • Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BC-68 AD)
        • Chronology
        • Augustus (76; r.27.01-00-14.08)
        • Tiberius (78; r.14-37)
        • Caligula (28; r.37.03-41.01)
        • Claudius-I (64; r.41-54)
        • Nero (30; r.54.10-68.06)
      • Year of the Four Emperors (69)
        • Chronology
      • Flavian Dynasty (69-96)
        • Chronology
        • Vespasian (69; r.69-79)
        • Domitian (44; r.81-96)
      • Nervan-Antonine Dynasty (96-193)
        • Chronology
        • Nerva (67; r.96-98)
        • Trajan (63; r.98-117)
        • Antoninus Pius (74; r.138-161)
        • Marcus Aurelius (58; r.161-180)
        • Commodus (31; r.177-192)
      • Year of the Five Emperors (193)
    • Middle Roman Empire (193-284)
      • Severan Dynasty (193-211, 218-235)
        • Chronology
      • Military Anarchy (235-284)
        • Maximinus-I Thrax, Gordian, Gordian II, Balbinus, Pupienus
        • Philip-I The Arab, Philip II
        • Decius, Herennius Etruscus
        • Gallienus, Saloninus
        • Aurelian
    • Late Roman Empire (284-476)
      • Diocletian, Maximian
      • Constantinian Dynasty (305-364)
        • Tetrarchic Wars (306-324)
        • Constantine II, Constans, Constantius II
      • Valentinian-Theodosian Dynasty (364-455)
        • Valens, Valentinian II
      • Interregnum (392–425)
        • Honorus
        • Theodosius II
        • Constantine III, Constans II, Constantius III
        • Valentinian III
      • Restoration (425-455)
        • Marcian (450-457)
      • Non-dynastic (455-476) (W) and the Leonid Dynasty (455-518) (E)
        • Avitus (W)
        • Libius Severus, Anthemius
        • Olybrius, Glycerius, Leo II, Zeno [1/2], Julius Nepos, Romulus Augustulus, Basiliscus, Zeno [2/2]
  • Home
  • Astronomy
    • Contents
    • Basics
      • Apparent Motions of the Sun and Stars
      • Calendars
      • Conjunction and Opposition
      • Ecliptic
      • Equinoxes and Solstices
      • Motions of the Planets
      • Precession and Nutation
      • Solar System
      • Zodiac
    • Early European Astronomy
      • Greek
        • Introduction
        • Geocentric Universe
      • Rome
        • Julian Calendar
      • Western Europe
    • Ancient and Distant Lands
      • China
        • Calendars
        • Observation Instruments
        • Star Lists and Charts
      • Egypt
      • India
      • Islam
        • Introduction
        • Observatories
        • Doubts about Ptolemy
      • Mesoamerica
      • Mesopotamia
    • Medieval Period (5th-13th Century)
    • Renaissance (14th-15th Century)
      • Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
      • Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
      • Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
      • Regiomontanus (1436-1476)
      • Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
    • Modern Era (16th Century-Present)
      • 16th Century
        • Cepheids
      • 17th Century
        • Distances to the Stars
        • Halley’s Comet
        • Inverse Square Law
        • Longitude
        • Parallax
      • 18th Century
        • Annual Parallax
        • Black Holes
        • Bode’s Law
        • Milky Way
        • Nebulae and the Galaxy
        • Proper Motion
      • 19th Century
        • Doppler Effect
        • Magnitude
        • Relativity
        • Spectroscopy
        • Sunspots
      • 20th Century
        • Big Bang Theory
        • Expanding Universe
        • Radio Astronomy
        • Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
    • Appendices
      • History of Astronomy (5000 BC-Present), Chronology
      • Observatories, List
      • People, List
  • Beginnings
    • Contents
    • Earth and the Universe
      • Creation of the Universe
        • Chronology
        • Introduction
      • Dark Matter and Dark Energy
      • Forming of the Solar System
      • Galaxies and the Stars
      • Nucleosynthesis
      • Space-Time
    • Planet Earth
      •  Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle
      • Structure and the Palaeomagnetic Timescale
    • Archaeology
      • Chronology
      • Ancient and Distant Lands
        • Aegean
        • Americas and Oceania
        • Antiquity of Man, Early Man
        • China and India
        • Egypt
        • Mesopotamia
      • Antiquarians
      • Greece and Rome
      • Three-Age System
    • Geological Time (4600 kya-present)
      • Chronology
      • Continental Drift
      • Fossils and Dating
      • Supercontinents
    • Evolution of Life (4600 mya-Present)
      • Chronology
      • Introduction, Taxonomy
      • Precambrian Superion (4600-541 mya)
        • Hadean Eon (4600-4000 mya)
        • Archaean Eon (4000-2500 mya)
        • Proterozoic Eon (2500-541 mya)
      • Phanerozoic Eon (541 mya-Present)
        • Palaeozoic Era (541-252 mya)
          • Cambrian Period (541-485 mya)
          • Ordovician Period (485-444 mya)
          • Silurian Period (444-419 mya)
          • Devonian Period (419-359 mya), Amphibians
          • Carboniferous Period (359-299 mya)
          • Permian Period (299-252 mya), Seed Plants
        • Mesozoic Era (252-66 mya)
          • Triassic Period (252-201 mya)
          • Jurassic Period (201-145 mya)
          • Cretaceous Period (145-66 mya)
        • Cenozoic Era (66 mya-Present)
          • Neogene Period (66-2.58 mya)
            • Palaeocene Epoch (66.0-56.0 mya)
            • Eocene Epoch (56.0-33.9 mya)
            • Oligocene Epoch (33.9-23.0 mya)
            • Miocene Epoch (23.0-5.33 mya), Elephants
            • Pliocene Epoch (5.33-2.59 mya
            • Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs
    • Evolution of Man (66,000-200 kya)
    • Stone Ages (2600-11.7 kya)
      • Palaeolithic (‘Old Stone’) Age (2600-11.7 kya)
      • Mesolithic (‘Middle Stone’) Age (11.7-8.5 kya)
      • Neolithic (‘New Stone’) Age (8.5-6.5 kya), Pottery
    • Metal Ages (5500 BC-AD 800)
  • Ancient Europe
    • Outline History
    • Physical Geography
    • Geological History (4600 mya-Present)
      • Chronology
      • Introduction
      • Evolution of the Continents (3636 mya-Present)
      • Quaternary Ice Age (2580 mya-present)
    • Prehistory (1400 kya-2100 BC)
      • Palaeolithic Period (1400-11.7 kya)
      • Mesolithic (7000-2500 BC)
      • Neolithic Period (4000-2100 BC)
    • Metal Ages (3500 BC-AD 800)
      • Bronze Age (3500-500 BC
      • Iron Age 500 BC-AD 800)
    • Northwest Europe (9700 BC-AD 410)
      • Greenland
      • Iceland
      • Ireland and Britain
        • Introduction, Geological History
        • Ireland
          • Chronology (1700 mya-AD 400)
          • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
          • Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC) (i)
          • Copper Age (2500-2000 BC)
          • Bronze Age (2000-500 BC)
            • O’rahilly’s historical model
          • Late Iron Age (100-400), Myths, Druids
        • Britain
          • Scotland
            • Palaeolithic Period (14-11.7 kya)
            • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
            • Bronze Age (2500-650 BC)
            • Celtic Tribes of Scotland (Ptolemy)
            • Roman Period (43-407)
            • Invasion (209)
            • Picti and Scoti
            • Scottish Islands
              • Introduction
              • Northern Isles
              • Shetland
              • Orkney
          • Wales
            • Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC)
          • England
            • Palaeolithic Period (900-11.7 kya)
            • Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC)
            • Bronze Age (2500-800 BC)
            • Pre-Roman Iron Age (800-00-43)
            • Roman Period (43-410)
    • Northern Europe (9700 BC-AD 410)
      • Introduction
      • Denmark
      • Norway
      • Sweden
        • Late Upper Palaeolithic (15-11.7 kya)
        • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
        • Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
        • Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC-AD 09)
        • Roman Period (09-400)
  • Ancient Near East
    • Outline History
    • Chronology
      • History of Astronomy (5000 BC-Present), Chronology
    • Egypt (3050 BC-AD 642)
      • Physical Geography
      • prehistory (700 kya-c.3050 BC)
      • Predynastic Period (c.5300-c.3050 BC)
      • Early Dynastic Period (c.3050-c.2686 BC)
      • Old Kingdom (c.2686-c.2160 BC)
      • Middle Kingdom (c.2055-c.1650 BC)
      • New Kingdom (c.1550-c.1069 BC)
      • Third Intermediate Period (c.1069-664 BC)
      • Late Period (664-332 BC)
      • Graeco-Roman Period (332-395)
        • Macedonian Dynasty, Ptolemaic Dynasty
    • Mesopotamia (2900 BC-AD 637)
      • Prehistory (120 kya-3000 BC)
      • Early Dynastic Period (c.2900-c.2270 BC)
      • Ancient Near East, Mesopotamia: Gutian Period, Ur III Period (c.2141-c.1940 BC)
      • Old Babylonian Period (c.1830-c.1531 BC)
      • Assyrian Period (729-627 BC)
      • Achaemenid Period (539-331 BC)
    • Assyria (2000-608 BC)
      • Neo-Assyrian Period (935-608 BC)
    • Asia Minor (c.9600 BC-AD 1453)
      • Prehistory (c.9600-c.3300 BC)
        • Neolithic Period (c.9600-c.6000 BC)
      • Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
      • Iron Age (c.1200-546 BC)
      • Greek Period (333-190 BC)
      • Roman Period (190 BC-AD 395)
    • Syria (3300 BC-AD 637)
      • Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
      • Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC)
      • Roman Period (63 BC-AD-395)
    • Phoenicia (3300 BC-AD 637)
      • Achaemenid Period (539-332-BC)
      • Roman Period (Ph)
    • Palestine (3300 BC-AD 638)
      • Bronze age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
      • Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC)
      • Greek Period (333-63 BC)
      • Roman Period (63 BC-AD 395)
    • Persia (3200 BC-AD 651)
      • Prehistory (800 kya-c.3200 BC)
      • Median Period (728-549 BC)
      • Achaemenid Period (550-330 BC)
      • Sassanid Dynasty (224-651)
  • Ancient Greece
    • Physical Geography
    • Chronology (700 kya-756 BC): Prehistory, Bronze Age, Dark Age
    • Prehistory (700 kya-c.1350 BC)
    • Bronze Age (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
      • Minoan Civilisation (c.3650-c.1100 BC)
      • Cycladic Civilisation (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
      • Helladic Period (c.2800-c.1100 BC)
        • Introduction
    • Dark Age (c.1100-c.750 BC)
    • Outline History
    • Early Archaic Period c.750-546 BC)
      • Chronology
      • Homer and Hesiod
      • Central Greece
      • Colonial Expansion
      • Eastern Aegean
      • Northern Greece
      • Panhellenism and Tyranny
      • Southern Greece
      • Southern Italy
    • Late Archaic Period (546-479 BC)
      • Chronology
      • Persian Wars (499-449 BC)
    • Early Classical Period (479-446 BC)
      • Chronology
      • Delian League (478-454 BC)
      • Western Greeks (1/2) (c.580-446 BC)
      • First Peloponnesian War (c.460-446 BC)
    • Middle Classical Period (446-404 BC)
      • Thirty Years’ Treaty (446-431 BC)
      • Second (=Great) Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)
        • Archidamian War (431-421 BC)
        • Interlude (421-413 BC)
        • Decelean (=Ionian) War (413-404 BC)
    • Late Classical period (404-323 BC)
      • Second Siciliian War (410-367 BC)
      • Spartan Hegemony (404-386 BC)
      • Decline of Sparta (386-371 BC)
      • Theban Hegenomy (371-362 BC)
      • Philip II of Macedon (46; r.359-336 BC)
      • Western Greeks (2/2) (367-331 BC)
      • Alexander III the Great (32; r.336-323 BC)
    • Hellenistic Period (323-146 BC)
      • Rebellion in Greece, Lamian War (323-321 BC)
      • Diadochian Wars (322-276 BC)
      • Antigonid Era (276-146 BC)
    • Roman Period (146 BC-AD 395)
    • Byzantine Period (395-1453)
  • Roman Republic
    • Physical Geography
    • Outline History
    • Chronology
      • Roman Family Names
      • Carthaginian Leaders
      • Chronology (850 kya-770 BC) : Prehistory, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age
    • Prehistory (850 kya-2300 BC)
      • Palaeolithic and Mesolithic
      • Neolithic and Chalcoithic
    • Bronze Age (2300-1150 BC)
    • Pre-Roman Iron Age (c.900-509 BC)
    • Regal Rome (c.753-509 BC)
      • Chronology
      • Traditional Story
    • Early Roman Republic (509-264 BC)
      • Chronology
      • Society [2/4]
      • Government [1/3]
      • Assemblies
      • Magistrates
      • Conflict of the Orders (485-287 BC)
      • Roman Conquest of Italy (505-264 BC)
        • Rome and her Neighbours (505-338 BC)
        • Gallic Invasion of Rome (390/387 BC)
        • Roman Expansion (389-349 BC)
        • Samnite and Latin Wars (343-290 BC)
        • Gauls (284-283 BC) [2/2]
        • Conquest of Southern Italy (280-264 BC)
        • Roads and Aqueducts
    • Middle Roman Republic (264-133 BC)
      • First Punic War (264-241 BC)
      • First Punic War (264-241 BC)
      • Between the First and Second Punic Wars (241-218 BC)
      • Second Punic War (218-201 BC)
      • Eastern Mediterranean (204-146 BC)
      • Western Mediterranean (206-146 BC)
    • Late Roman Republic (133-27 BC)
      • Society [3/4]
      • Gracchan Reforms (133-121 BC)
      • Gaius Marius (70; fl.133-86 BC)
      • Sulla (c.60; fl.106-78 BC)
      • Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (=Pompey; 58; fl.82-48 BC)
      • Gaius Octavius (76; fl.47 BC AD-14)
      • Julius Caesar (=Caesar; 56; fl.85-44 BC)
  • Roman Empire
    • Outline History
    • Chronology
      • Roman Emperors (27 BC-AD 476)
      • Roman Usurpers (41 BC-AD 486)
    • Early Roman Empire (27 BC-AD 193)
      • Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BC-68 AD)
        • Chronology
        • Augustus (76; r.27.01-00-14.08)
        • Tiberius (78; r.14-37)
        • Caligula (28; r.37.03-41.01)
        • Claudius-I (64; r.41-54)
        • Nero (30; r.54.10-68.06)
      • Year of the Four Emperors (69)
        • Chronology
      • Flavian Dynasty (69-96)
        • Chronology
        • Vespasian (69; r.69-79)
        • Domitian (44; r.81-96)
      • Nervan-Antonine Dynasty (96-193)
        • Chronology
        • Nerva (67; r.96-98)
        • Trajan (63; r.98-117)
        • Antoninus Pius (74; r.138-161)
        • Marcus Aurelius (58; r.161-180)
        • Commodus (31; r.177-192)
      • Year of the Five Emperors (193)
    • Middle Roman Empire (193-284)
      • Severan Dynasty (193-211, 218-235)
        • Chronology
      • Military Anarchy (235-284)
        • Maximinus-I Thrax, Gordian, Gordian II, Balbinus, Pupienus
        • Philip-I The Arab, Philip II
        • Decius, Herennius Etruscus
        • Gallienus, Saloninus
        • Aurelian
    • Late Roman Empire (284-476)
      • Diocletian, Maximian
      • Constantinian Dynasty (305-364)
        • Tetrarchic Wars (306-324)
        • Constantine II, Constans, Constantius II
      • Valentinian-Theodosian Dynasty (364-455)
        • Valens, Valentinian II
      • Interregnum (392–425)
        • Honorus
        • Theodosius II
        • Constantine III, Constans II, Constantius III
        • Valentinian III
      • Restoration (425-455)
        • Marcian (450-457)
      • Non-dynastic (455-476) (W) and the Leonid Dynasty (455-518) (E)
        • Avitus (W)
        • Libius Severus, Anthemius
        • Olybrius, Glycerius, Leo II, Zeno [1/2], Julius Nepos, Romulus Augustulus, Basiliscus, Zeno [2/2]

Category: Pliocene Epoch (5.33-2.59 mya

Page 1/1

Beginnings, Evolution of Life (4600 mya-Present), Pliocene Epoch (5.33-2.59 mya

Beginnings, Evolution of Life: Pliocene Epoch (5.33-2.59 mya), Australopithecines 

October 4, 2025 — 0 Comments

Categories

  • Astronomy
  • Beginnings
  • Roman Empire
  • Ancient Near East
  • Roman Republic
  • Ancient Europe
  • Ancient Greece

Archives

  • October 2025
  • September 2025
  • August 2025
  • July 2025
  • June 2025
  • May 2025
  • April 2025
  • March 2025
  • February 2025
  • January 2025
  • December 2024
  • November 2024
  • October 2024
To the top

© 2025 AntiquityComplete