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Astronomy
CONTENTS (A)
Basics
Apparent Motions of the Sun and Stars
Ecliptic
Solar System
Motions of the Planets
Conjunction and Opposition
Equinoxes and Solstices
Precession and Nutation
Zodiac
Calendars
Early European Astronomy
Greek (7th-2nd Century BC): Introduction, Geocentric Universe
Rome (1st Century BC to 6th Century AD)
Western Europe
Ancient and Distant Lands (3200 BC-13th Century AD)
China
Egypt
India
Islam
Mesoamerica
Mesopotamia
Medieval European Astronomy (5th-13th Century)
Renaissance (14th-15th Century)
Regiomontanus (1436-1476)
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Modern Era (16th Century-Present)
16th Century
17th Century
18th Century
19th Century
20th Century
Appendices (A)
Chronology (A)
Observatories: Alphabetical List
People: Alphabetical List (A)
Beginnings
CONTENTS (B)
Earth and the Universe
Creation of the Universe
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Forming of the Solar System
Galaxies and the Stars
Inflationary Model of the Universe
Nucleosynthesis
Space-Time
Planet Earth
Structure and the Palaeomagnetic Timescale
Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle
Archaeology
Antiquarians
Greece and Rome
Three-Age System
Ancient and Distant Lands
Antiquity of Man, Early Man
Geological Time (4600 kya-present)
Geological Time Scale
Continental Drift
Fossils and Dating
Supercontinents
Evolution of Life (4600 mya-Present)
Precambrian Supereon (4600-541 mya)
Hadean Eon (4600-4000 mya), Earth molten
Archaean Eon (4000-2500 mya), Stromatolites
Proterozoic Eon (2500-541 mya), Eukaryotes
Palaeozoic Era (541-252 mya)
Cambrian Period (541-485 mya), Invertebrates
Ordovician Period (485-443 mya), land plants
Silurian Period (444-419 mya), jawed fish
Devonian Period (419-359 mya), Amphibians
Carboniferous Period (359-299 mya), Reptiles
Permian Period (299-252 mya), Seed Plants
Mesozoic Era (252-66 mya)
Triassic Period (252-201 mya), Lizards
Jurassic Period (201-145 mya)
Cretaceous Period (145-66.0 mya), Birds
Cenozoic Era (66 mya-Present)
Neogene Period (66-2.58 mya)
Palaeocene Epoch (66.0-56.0 mya), Mammals
Eocene Epoch (56.0-33.9 mya), Modern Mammals
Oligocene Epoch (33.9-23.0 mya), Ruminants
Miocene Epoch (23.0-5.33 mya), Elephants
Pliocene Epoch (5.33-2.59 mya, Australopithecines
Quaternary Period (2.59 mya-Present)
Pleistocene Epoch (2590-11.7 kya); Ice Age, humans
Holocene Epoch (9700 BC-present) – Current Interglacial
# Introduction, Taxonomy
Evolution of Man (25-1.9 mya) – Primates
Hominins: Australopiths (ape-men), Hominans (humans)
Hominoids, Hominids, Hominines
Stone Ages (3300-7.5 kya)
Mesolithic (‘Middle Stone’) Age (11.7-8.5 kya)
Mesolithic (‘Middle Stone’) Age (11.7-8.5 kya)
Neolithic (‘New Stone’ Age) Period (8.5-7.5 kya), Pottery
Metal Ages (3500-00-800)
Copper Age (5500-3300 BC)
Bronze Age (3300-1200 BC)
Iron Age (1200 BC-Present)
Appendices (B)
People: Alphabetical List (B)
Animal Classification (Just a thought!)
Animal Classification: Scheme
Animal Classification: Sequences
Archaeology: Chronology
Evolution of Life: Chronology
People: Alphabetical List (B)
Plant Classification
Ancient Europe
Ancient Near East
Ancient Greece
Roman Republic
Roman Empire
HOME
Astronomy
CONTENTS (A)
Basics
Apparent Motions of the Sun and Stars
Ecliptic
Solar System
Motions of the Planets
Conjunction and Opposition
Equinoxes and Solstices
Precession and Nutation
Zodiac
Calendars
Early European Astronomy
Greek (7th-2nd Century BC): Introduction, Geocentric Universe
Rome (1st Century BC to 6th Century AD)
Western Europe
Ancient and Distant Lands (3200 BC-13th Century AD)
China
Egypt
India
Islam
Mesoamerica
Mesopotamia
Medieval European Astronomy (5th-13th Century)
Renaissance (14th-15th Century)
Regiomontanus (1436-1476)
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Modern Era (16th Century-Present)
16th Century
17th Century
18th Century
19th Century
20th Century
Appendices (A)
Chronology (A)
Observatories: Alphabetical List
People: Alphabetical List (A)
Beginnings
CONTENTS (B)
Earth and the Universe
Creation of the Universe
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Forming of the Solar System
Galaxies and the Stars
Inflationary Model of the Universe
Nucleosynthesis
Space-Time
Planet Earth
Structure and the Palaeomagnetic Timescale
Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle
Archaeology
Antiquarians
Greece and Rome
Three-Age System
Ancient and Distant Lands
Antiquity of Man, Early Man
Geological Time (4600 kya-present)
Geological Time Scale
Continental Drift
Fossils and Dating
Supercontinents
Evolution of Life (4600 mya-Present)
Precambrian Supereon (4600-541 mya)
Hadean Eon (4600-4000 mya), Earth molten
Archaean Eon (4000-2500 mya), Stromatolites
Proterozoic Eon (2500-541 mya), Eukaryotes
Palaeozoic Era (541-252 mya)
Cambrian Period (541-485 mya), Invertebrates
Ordovician Period (485-443 mya), land plants
Silurian Period (444-419 mya), jawed fish
Devonian Period (419-359 mya), Amphibians
Carboniferous Period (359-299 mya), Reptiles
Permian Period (299-252 mya), Seed Plants
Mesozoic Era (252-66 mya)
Triassic Period (252-201 mya), Lizards
Jurassic Period (201-145 mya)
Cretaceous Period (145-66.0 mya), Birds
Cenozoic Era (66 mya-Present)
Neogene Period (66-2.58 mya)
Palaeocene Epoch (66.0-56.0 mya), Mammals
Eocene Epoch (56.0-33.9 mya), Modern Mammals
Oligocene Epoch (33.9-23.0 mya), Ruminants
Miocene Epoch (23.0-5.33 mya), Elephants
Pliocene Epoch (5.33-2.59 mya, Australopithecines
Quaternary Period (2.59 mya-Present)
Pleistocene Epoch (2590-11.7 kya); Ice Age, humans
Holocene Epoch (9700 BC-present) – Current Interglacial
# Introduction, Taxonomy
Evolution of Man (25-1.9 mya) – Primates
Hominins: Australopiths (ape-men), Hominans (humans)
Hominoids, Hominids, Hominines
Stone Ages (3300-7.5 kya)
Mesolithic (‘Middle Stone’) Age (11.7-8.5 kya)
Mesolithic (‘Middle Stone’) Age (11.7-8.5 kya)
Neolithic (‘New Stone’ Age) Period (8.5-7.5 kya), Pottery
Metal Ages (3500-00-800)
Copper Age (5500-3300 BC)
Bronze Age (3300-1200 BC)
Iron Age (1200 BC-Present)
Appendices (B)
People: Alphabetical List (B)
Animal Classification (Just a thought!)
Animal Classification: Scheme
Animal Classification: Sequences
Archaeology: Chronology
Evolution of Life: Chronology
People: Alphabetical List (B)
Plant Classification
Ancient Europe
Ancient Near East
Ancient Greece
Roman Republic
Roman Empire
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CONTENTS (B)
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October 14, 2025
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