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  • HOME
  • Astronomy
    • CONTENTS
    • Basics
      • Apparent Motions of the Sun and Stars
      • Ecliptic
      • Solar System
      • Motions of the Planets
      • Conjunction and Opposition
      • Equinoxes and Solstices
      • Precession and Nutation
      • Zodiac
      • Calendars
    • Early European Astronomy
      • Greek (7th-2nd Century BC): Introduction, Geocentric Universe
      • Rome (1st Century BC to 6th Century AD)
      • Western Europe
    • Ancient and Distant Lands (3200 BC-13th Century AD)
      • China
      • Egypt
      • India
      • Islam
      • Mesoamerica
      • Mesopotamia (c.2900-00-637)
    • Medieval European Astronomy (5th-13th Century)
    • Renaissance (14th-15th Century)
      • Regiomontanus (1436-1476)
      • Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
      • Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
      • Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
      • Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
    • Modern Era (16th Century-Present)
      • 16th Century
      • 17th Century
      • 18th Century
      • 19th Century
      • 20th Century
    • Appendices
      • Chronology
      • Observatories: Alphabetical List
      • People: Alphabetical List (A)
  • Beginnings
    • CONTENTS
    • Earth and the Universe
      • Creation of the Universe
      • Dark Matter and Dark Energy
      • Forming of the Solar System
      • Galaxies and the Stars
      • Inflationary Model of the Universe
      • Nucleosynthesis
      • Space-Time
    • Planet Earth
    • Archaeology
      • Antiquarians
      • Greece and Rome
      • Three-Age System
      • Ancient and Distant Lands
        • Aegean
        • Americas and Oceania
        • China and India
        • Egypt
        • Mesopotamia (b)
      • Antiquity of Man, Early Man
    • Geological Time (4600 kya-present)
      • Geological Time Scale
      • Continental Drift
      • Fossils and Dating
      • Supercontinents
    • Evolution of Life (4600 mya-Present)
      • Introduction, Taxonomy
      • Precambrian Supereon (4600-541 mya)
      • Palaeozoic Era (541-252 mya)
        • Cambrian Period (541-485 mya), Invertebrates
        • Ordovician Period (485-443 mya), land plants
        • Silurian Period (444-419 mya), jawed fish
        • Devonian Period (419-359 mya), Amphibians
        • Carboniferous Period (359-299 mya), Reptiles
        • Permian Period (299-252 mya), Seed Plants
      • Mesozoic Era (252-66 mya)
      • Cenozoic Era (66 mya-Present)
        • Neogene Period (66-2.58 mya)
          • Palaeocene Epoch (66.0-56.0 mya), Mammals
          • Eocene Epoch (56.0-33.9 mya), Modern Mammals
          • Oligocene Epoch (33.9-23.0 mya), Ruminants
          • Miocene Epoch (23.0-5.33 mya), Elephants
          • Pliocene Epoch (5.33-2.59 mya, Australopithecines
        • Quaternary Period (2.59 mya-Present)
    • Evolution of Man (25-1.9 mya) – Primates
    • Stone Ages (3300-7.5 kya)
    • Metal Ages (3500-00-800)
    • Appendices
      • People: Alphabetical List
        • Animal Classification (Just a thought!)
        • Animal Classification: Scheme
        • Animal Classification: Sequences
        • Archaeology: Chronology
        • Evolution of Life: Chronology
        • People: Alphabetical List (B)
        • Plant Classification
  • Ancient Europe
    • Introduction
      • CONTENTS
      • An Outline History of Ancient Europe
      • Physical Geography of Europe
      • Geological History of Europe (4600 mya-present)
        • Introduction
        • Quaternary Ice Age (2580 mya-present): Pollen Zoning
        • Evolution of the Continents (3636 mya-Present)
        • Chronology
      • Prehistory (1400 kya-3500 BC)
      • Metal Ages (3500-00-800)
    • NORTHWEST EUROPE (9700-00-410)
      • CONTENTS
      • 01 Greenland
      • 02 Iceland
      • 03 Faroe Islands
      • Ireland and Britain (Pretanic Isles)
      • Introduction
      • 04 Ireland (Hibernia)
        • Introduction
        • Palaeolithic Period (C2: 12.5-11.7 kya) 
        • Mesolithic Period (C2: 9700-4000 BC)
        • Neolithic Period (C1: 4000-2500 BC), Neolithic Monuments
        • Copper Age (2500-2000 BC)
        • Bronze Age (2000-500 BC)
        • Early Iron Age (500-00-100)
        • Late Iron Age (100-400)
        • Chronology
      • 05 Britain (Britannia)
      • 05A Scotland (Caledonia)
        • Introduction
        • Palaeolithic Period (14-11.7 kya)
        • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
        • Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC), Neolithic Monuments
        • Bronze Age (2500-650 BC)
        • Pre-Roman Iron Age (650-00-71)
        • Roman Period (43-407)
          • Celtic Tribes of Scotland (Ptolemy)
          • Invasion (AD 71)
          • Mons Graupius (83/4)
          • Hadrian’s Wall (122)
          • Invasion (209)
          • Picti and Scoti
        • Scottish Islands
          • Introduction (Scottish Islands)
          • Hebrides
          • Orkney: Islands and Main Towns, Megalithic Monuments, etc. (6820-00-50)
          • Shetland: Islands and Main Towns, Megalithic Monuments, etc.
      • 05B Wales (Cambria)
        • Palaeolithic Period (230-11.7 kya)
        • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
        • Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC), Neolithic Monuments
        • Bronze Age (2500-650 BC)
        • Pre-Roman Iron Age (650-00-48)
        • Roman Period (48-410) 
      • 05C England
        • Introduction
        • Palaeolithic Period (900-11.7 kya)
        • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
        • Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC)
        • Bronze Age (2500-800 BC)
        • Pre-Roman Iron Age (800-00-43)
          • Introduction
          • Ferrous Metallurgy
          • Celtic Tribes of England (Ptolemy)
          • Roman Influence
          • Celtic Kings
        • Roman Period (43-410)
          • Conquest of the South and East (43-48)
          • Conquest of the North and West (48-79)
          • Northern Frontier (79-184)
          • Introduction
          • Hadrian’s Wall (122)
          • Septimius Severus (65; r.193-211)
          • Gallic Empire (260-274)
          • Carausian Revolt (286-296)
          • Diocletian Tetrarchy (293-305)
          • Barbarian Conspiracy (367-369)
          • Britannic Revolt, End of Roman Imperial Rule in Britain
      • Associated Islands
        • Isle of Man
        • Isles of Scilly
        • Isle of Wight
        • Channel Islands
    • Northern Europe (9700-00-410)
      • CONTENTS
      • Denmark, Norway and Sweden (Scandinavia)
        • Introduction (Scandinavia)
        • 06 Denmark
          • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
          • Neolithic Period (4000-1700 BC), Late Neolithic Period
          • Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
          • Pre-Roman Iron Age (500-00-09)
          • Roman Period (09-410)
        • 07 Norway (W)
          • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
          • Neolithic Period (4000-1700 BC)
          • Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
          • Pre-Roman Iron Age, Roman Period
        • 08 Sweden (E)
          • Late Upper Palaeolithic (15-11.7 kya)
          • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
          • Neolithic Period (4000-1700 BC), Neolithic Monuments
          • Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
          • Pre-Roman Iron Age (500-00-09)
          • Roman Period (410)
      • 09 Finland
        • Introduction (Finland)
        • Mesolithic Period (8900-5300 BC)
        • Neolithic Period (5300-1500 BC)
        • Bronze Age (1500-500 BC)
        • Pre-Roman Iron Age (500-00-09)
        • Roman Period (09-400)
    • NORTHEAST EUROPE – IN PREPARATION
      • Baltic States
      • Western Russia
  • Ancient Near East
    • CONTENTS (ane)
    • Egypt (3050-00-646)
      • An Outline History of the Ancient Near East
      • Physical Geography of Egypt
      • Prehistory (700 kya-c.3050 BC)
        • The Nile
        • Palaeolithic Period (700-7 kya)
        • Saharan Neolithic Period (c.8800-c.4700 BC)
        • Predynastic Period (c.5300-c.3050 BC)
      • Early Dynastic Period (c.3050-c.2686 BC)
      • Old Kingdom (c.2686-c.2160 BC)
      • Second Intermediate Period (c.1650-c.1550 BC)
      • New Kingdom (c.1550-c.1069 BC)
        • Ramessids, Sea People
      • Third Intermediate Period (c.1069-664 BC): Thebes and Tanis, Libyans, Nubians, Assyrians
      • Late Period (664-332 BC)
      • Graeco-Roman Period (332-395)
        • Macedonian Dynasty, Ptolemaic Dynasty
        • Roman Period  (30-00-395)
        • Byzantine Period, (395-646)
    • Mesopotamia (c.2900-00-637)
      • Prehistory (120 kya-3000 BC)
        • Palaeolithic Period, Mesolithic Period
        • Neolithic Period, Predynastic Period
      • Early Dynastic Period (c.2900-c.2270 BC); Kish I-IV, Uruk I-III, Ur I- II, Lagash-I and Umma
      • Akkad Period (c.2270-c.2083 BC)
      • Gutian Period, Ur III Period (c.2141-c.1940 BC)
      • Old Babylonian Period (c.1830-c.1531 BC): Hammurabi, Hammurabi’s Successors
      • Assyrian Period (729-627 BC)
      • Achaemenid Period (539-331 BC)
      • Greek Period (331-129 BC), Seleucus-I
      • Sassanian Period (224-637)
      • Larsa-Isin Period (c.1940-c.1728 BC)
    • Assyria (c.2000-608 BC)
      • Old Assyrian Period (c.2000-c.1353 BC)
      • Neo-Assyrian Period (935-608 BC), Fall of Nineveh
    • Asia Minor (c.9600-00-1453)
      • Prehistory of Asia Minor (c.9600-c.3300 BC)
        • Neolithic Period (c.9600-c.6000 BC)
      • Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
        • Introduction
        • Hittites (c.1600-c.1200 BC)
        • Mitanni (c.1500-c.1245 BC)
      • Iron Age (c.1200-546 BC)
        • Nairi and Urartu (c.1260-c.580 BC)
        • Greek Colonisation (c.750-c.550 BC)
        • Phrygia, Lycia
      • Achaemenid Period (546-333 BC)
        • Introduction
        • Ionian Revolt (499-493 BC)
      • Greek Period (333-190 BC)
        • Antigonus-I (c.81; r.306-301 BC) and Lysimachus (79; r.305-281 BC)
        • Bithynia (376-74 BC)
        • Cappadocia (331-00-17)
        • Commagene (163-00-72)
        • Armenia (570-00-114)
      • Roman Period (190-00-395)
    • Syria (3300-00-637)
      • Physical Geography of Syria
      • Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC) (S)
        • Amorites (c.2000-c.1531 BC)
        • Mitanni (1500-1260 BC)
      • Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC), Aramaeans
      • Achaemenid Period, Greek Period; Seleucids
      • Roman Period (63-00-395)
    • Phoenicia (c.3300-00-637)
      • Achaemenid Period (539-332 BC); Cyprus, Sidon
      • Roman Period (63-00-395) (p)
    • Palestine (c.3300-00-638)
      • Bronze Age: Canaanites (c.2000-c.1200 BC)
      • Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC) (p)
        • United Monarchy (c.1030-c.931 BC); House of Saul, House of David
        • Divided Monarchy, Houses of Jeroboam, Baasha, Zimri, Omri, Jehu, Shallum and Menahem, Pekah and Hoshea
        • Fall of Judah (586 BC)
      • Greek Period (333-63 BC)
        • Hasmonean (Maccabean) Dynasty (167-37 BC)
        • Nabataeans (312-00-106)
        • Roman Period (63-00-395) (pa)
          • Herodian Dynasty (37-00-92)
          • Herod the Great
          • Peter the Fisherman, Paul of Tarsus
          • Constantine-I the Great (65; r.306-337)
    • Persia (c.3200-00-651)
      • Prehistory; Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic Periods 
      • Median Period (728-549 BC)
      • Achaemenid Period (550-330 BC)
        • Cambyses II (r.530-522 BC) 
      • Greek Period (330-238 BC)
      • Parthian Arsacid Dynasty (238-00-224)
        • Armenia and Rome
      • Sassanid Dynasty (224-651)
        • Byzantium
    • Appendices (ane)
      • Ancient Near East: Chronology (2500 kya-AD 1453)
  • Ancient Greece
    • An Outline History of Ancient Greece
    • Physical Geography of Greece
    • Prehistory of Greece (700 kya-1350 BC): Palaeolithic, Neolithic
    • Bronze Age (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
      • Minoan Civilisation (Crete, c.3650-c.1100 BC)
      • Cycladic Civilisation (Cyclades, c.3000-c.1100 BC)
      • Helladic Period (Mainland, c.2800-c.1100 BC)
        • Troy (c.3000-1st Century BC)
    • Dark Age (c.1100-c.750 BC)
      • Dorian Greeks (c.1100-c.1000 BC)
    • Early Archaic Period (c.750-546 BC)
      • Homer (c.750 BC) and Hesiod (c.700 BC)
        • Hesiod (c.700 BC)
        • Colonial Expansion (c.750-c.550 BC)
      • Panhellenism,Tyranny
      • Northern Greece
        • Thessaly, Epirus
      • Central Greece
        • Phocis (Delphi)
        • Attica (Athens)
          • Introduction (Ancient Greece)
          • Cylon, Draco, Solon
          • Cleisthenes (c.570-c.507 BC, archon 525/4 BC)
      • Southern Greece (=Peloponnese)
        • Introduction (sg)
        • Corinthia (Corinth), Sicyon (city-state)
        • Laconia (Sparta)
        • Messenia (Messene)
      • Eastern Aegean
        • Ionia
          • Chios
          • Miletus
          • Ephesus, Smyrna, Phocaea
        • Aeolis, Lesbos
      • Black Sea
        • Greek Cities: Sinope, Trapezus, Olbia
      • Southern Italy
        • Greek Cities: Sicily; Syracuse, Gela
    • Western Greeks (c.580-446 BC) [1/2]
      • Phoenicians and Carthaginians, Etruscans, Ducetius, Alliances with Athens
    • Late Archaic Period (546-479 BC)
      • Advance of Persia (546-c.511 BC)
      • Developments in Warfare; Chariots, Hoplites, Warships, Wall Fortification
      • Persian Wars (499-449 BC)
        • Ionian Revolt (499-493 BC) (g)
        • Thermopylae and Artemisium (480 BC)
        • Salamis (480 BC)
        • Plataea and Mycale (479 BC)
    • Early Classical Period (479-446 BC)
      • Delian League (478-454 BC)
        • Introduction
        • Cimon (c.510-450 BC)
        • Pericles (c.495-429 BC)
      • First Peloponnesian War (c.460-446 BC)
        • After the Truce
    • Middle Classical Period (446-404 BC)
      • Thirty Years’ Treaty (446-431 BC)
        • Acarnanian Alliance (mid-430s-389 BC), Corinth-Corcyra War (435-431 BC)
        • Megarian Decree, Battle of Potidaea
      • Second (=Great) Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)
        • Archidamian War (431-421 BC)
          • Year Two (430/429 BC): Plague at Athens
          • Year Four (428/427 BC): Mytilene
          • Year Five (427/426 BC): Corcyra
          • Year Six (426/425 BC): Tanagra, Aegitium, Olpae, Idomene
          • Year Eight (424/423 BC): Megara, Delium
          • Year Ten (422/421 BC): Amphipolis
        • Interlude (421-413 BC)
          • Year Fifteen (417/416 BC), Hysiae; Year Sixteen (416/415 BC), Melos
          • Year Nineteen (413/412 BC): Sicilian Expedition, Sea Battles in Great Harbour
        • Decelean (=Ionian) War (413-404 BC)
          • Year Twenty-One (411/410 BC): Eretria, Cynosure, Abydos
          • Year Twenty-Two (410/409 BC): Cyzicus
          • Year Twenty-Six (406/405 BC): Notium, Arginusae
    • Western Greeks [2/2]
      • Timoleon (c.77; r.343-337 BC; died c.334 BC)
    • Late Classical period (404-323 BC)
      • Second Sicilian War (410-367 BC)
        • Syracuse
      • Spartan Hegemony (404-386 BC)
        • Sparta’s War with Elis (402-398 BC)
        • Sparta’s Expeditions to Asia Minor
          • Agesilaus II
        • Corinthian War (395–387 BC)
          • Later events (394-388 BC), Lechaeum (391 BC)
      • Decline of Sparta (386-371 BC)
        • Theban-Spartan War (378-371 BC), Tegyra
      • Theban Hegemony (371-362 BC)
        • Shifting Alliances
        • Collapse of the Leading Powers, Northern Greece
      • Philip II of Macedon (46; r.359-336 BC)
        • Third Sacred War (356-346 BC): Eubulus and Demosthenes
        • Philip in Eastern Thrace (342-340 BC); Perinthus, Byzantium
      • Alexander III the Great (32; r.336-323 BC)
        • Destruction of Thebes (September, 335 BC)
        • Conquest of Levant and Egypt (332 BC), Sieges of Tyre and Gaza
        • Defeat of Persia (331-330 BC), Battles: Uxian Defile, Persian Gates
        • Subjugation of the Eastern Satrapies: Aria, Drangian and Arachosia
        • Invasion of India (327-325 BC), Cophen Campaign, Indus Expedition
      • Hellenistic Period (323-146 BC)
        • Rebellion in Greece, Lamian War (323-321 BC)
        • Diadochian Wars (322-276 BC): War against Perdiccas (321-319 BC); Cappadocia, Egypt, Nora
        • Antigonid Era (276-146 BC)
          • Antigonus II Gonata, Aetolian and Achaean Leagues
          • Philip V (59; r.221-179 BC), Social War (220-217 BC)
          • Philip V: Antiochus III of Syria (c.54; r.223-187 BC)
      • Roman Period (146-00-395)
        • Julius Caesar (55; r.46-44 BC), Marc Antony (53; fl.44-30 BC)
      • Byzantine Period (395-1453)
        • Crusaders, Ottoman Turks
  • Roman Republic
    • An Outline History of the Roman Republic (509-27 BC)
    • Prehistory (850 kya-2300 BC)
      • Palaeolithic, Mesolithic
      • Neolithic Period, Chalcolithic
      • Bronze Age (2300-950 BC)
      • Early Iron Age (950-c.753 BC)
        • Early Peoples of Italy 
        • Villanovans, Greeks, Phoenicians and Carthaginians
        • Etruscans (c.800-509 BC)
          • Introduction (RR)
          • Southern Expansion, Northern Expansion
  • Roman Empire
  • HOME
  • Astronomy
    • CONTENTS
    • Basics
      • Apparent Motions of the Sun and Stars
      • Ecliptic
      • Solar System
      • Motions of the Planets
      • Conjunction and Opposition
      • Equinoxes and Solstices
      • Precession and Nutation
      • Zodiac
      • Calendars
    • Early European Astronomy
      • Greek (7th-2nd Century BC): Introduction, Geocentric Universe
      • Rome (1st Century BC to 6th Century AD)
      • Western Europe
    • Ancient and Distant Lands (3200 BC-13th Century AD)
      • China
      • Egypt
      • India
      • Islam
      • Mesoamerica
      • Mesopotamia (c.2900-00-637)
    • Medieval European Astronomy (5th-13th Century)
    • Renaissance (14th-15th Century)
      • Regiomontanus (1436-1476)
      • Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
      • Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
      • Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
      • Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
    • Modern Era (16th Century-Present)
      • 16th Century
      • 17th Century
      • 18th Century
      • 19th Century
      • 20th Century
    • Appendices
      • Chronology
      • Observatories: Alphabetical List
      • People: Alphabetical List (A)
  • Beginnings
    • CONTENTS
    • Earth and the Universe
      • Creation of the Universe
      • Dark Matter and Dark Energy
      • Forming of the Solar System
      • Galaxies and the Stars
      • Inflationary Model of the Universe
      • Nucleosynthesis
      • Space-Time
    • Planet Earth
    • Archaeology
      • Antiquarians
      • Greece and Rome
      • Three-Age System
      • Ancient and Distant Lands
        • Aegean
        • Americas and Oceania
        • China and India
        • Egypt
        • Mesopotamia (b)
      • Antiquity of Man, Early Man
    • Geological Time (4600 kya-present)
      • Geological Time Scale
      • Continental Drift
      • Fossils and Dating
      • Supercontinents
    • Evolution of Life (4600 mya-Present)
      • Introduction, Taxonomy
      • Precambrian Supereon (4600-541 mya)
      • Palaeozoic Era (541-252 mya)
        • Cambrian Period (541-485 mya), Invertebrates
        • Ordovician Period (485-443 mya), land plants
        • Silurian Period (444-419 mya), jawed fish
        • Devonian Period (419-359 mya), Amphibians
        • Carboniferous Period (359-299 mya), Reptiles
        • Permian Period (299-252 mya), Seed Plants
      • Mesozoic Era (252-66 mya)
      • Cenozoic Era (66 mya-Present)
        • Neogene Period (66-2.58 mya)
          • Palaeocene Epoch (66.0-56.0 mya), Mammals
          • Eocene Epoch (56.0-33.9 mya), Modern Mammals
          • Oligocene Epoch (33.9-23.0 mya), Ruminants
          • Miocene Epoch (23.0-5.33 mya), Elephants
          • Pliocene Epoch (5.33-2.59 mya, Australopithecines
        • Quaternary Period (2.59 mya-Present)
    • Evolution of Man (25-1.9 mya) – Primates
    • Stone Ages (3300-7.5 kya)
    • Metal Ages (3500-00-800)
    • Appendices
      • People: Alphabetical List
        • Animal Classification (Just a thought!)
        • Animal Classification: Scheme
        • Animal Classification: Sequences
        • Archaeology: Chronology
        • Evolution of Life: Chronology
        • People: Alphabetical List (B)
        • Plant Classification
  • Ancient Europe
    • Introduction
      • CONTENTS
      • An Outline History of Ancient Europe
      • Physical Geography of Europe
      • Geological History of Europe (4600 mya-present)
        • Introduction
        • Quaternary Ice Age (2580 mya-present): Pollen Zoning
        • Evolution of the Continents (3636 mya-Present)
        • Chronology
      • Prehistory (1400 kya-3500 BC)
      • Metal Ages (3500-00-800)
    • NORTHWEST EUROPE (9700-00-410)
      • CONTENTS
      • 01 Greenland
      • 02 Iceland
      • 03 Faroe Islands
      • Ireland and Britain (Pretanic Isles)
      • Introduction
      • 04 Ireland (Hibernia)
        • Introduction
        • Palaeolithic Period (C2: 12.5-11.7 kya) 
        • Mesolithic Period (C2: 9700-4000 BC)
        • Neolithic Period (C1: 4000-2500 BC), Neolithic Monuments
        • Copper Age (2500-2000 BC)
        • Bronze Age (2000-500 BC)
        • Early Iron Age (500-00-100)
        • Late Iron Age (100-400)
        • Chronology
      • 05 Britain (Britannia)
      • 05A Scotland (Caledonia)
        • Introduction
        • Palaeolithic Period (14-11.7 kya)
        • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
        • Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC), Neolithic Monuments
        • Bronze Age (2500-650 BC)
        • Pre-Roman Iron Age (650-00-71)
        • Roman Period (43-407)
          • Celtic Tribes of Scotland (Ptolemy)
          • Invasion (AD 71)
          • Mons Graupius (83/4)
          • Hadrian’s Wall (122)
          • Invasion (209)
          • Picti and Scoti
        • Scottish Islands
          • Introduction (Scottish Islands)
          • Hebrides
          • Orkney: Islands and Main Towns, Megalithic Monuments, etc. (6820-00-50)
          • Shetland: Islands and Main Towns, Megalithic Monuments, etc.
      • 05B Wales (Cambria)
        • Palaeolithic Period (230-11.7 kya)
        • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
        • Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC), Neolithic Monuments
        • Bronze Age (2500-650 BC)
        • Pre-Roman Iron Age (650-00-48)
        • Roman Period (48-410) 
      • 05C England
        • Introduction
        • Palaeolithic Period (900-11.7 kya)
        • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
        • Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC)
        • Bronze Age (2500-800 BC)
        • Pre-Roman Iron Age (800-00-43)
          • Introduction
          • Ferrous Metallurgy
          • Celtic Tribes of England (Ptolemy)
          • Roman Influence
          • Celtic Kings
        • Roman Period (43-410)
          • Conquest of the South and East (43-48)
          • Conquest of the North and West (48-79)
          • Northern Frontier (79-184)
          • Introduction
          • Hadrian’s Wall (122)
          • Septimius Severus (65; r.193-211)
          • Gallic Empire (260-274)
          • Carausian Revolt (286-296)
          • Diocletian Tetrarchy (293-305)
          • Barbarian Conspiracy (367-369)
          • Britannic Revolt, End of Roman Imperial Rule in Britain
      • Associated Islands
        • Isle of Man
        • Isles of Scilly
        • Isle of Wight
        • Channel Islands
    • Northern Europe (9700-00-410)
      • CONTENTS
      • Denmark, Norway and Sweden (Scandinavia)
        • Introduction (Scandinavia)
        • 06 Denmark
          • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
          • Neolithic Period (4000-1700 BC), Late Neolithic Period
          • Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
          • Pre-Roman Iron Age (500-00-09)
          • Roman Period (09-410)
        • 07 Norway (W)
          • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
          • Neolithic Period (4000-1700 BC)
          • Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
          • Pre-Roman Iron Age, Roman Period
        • 08 Sweden (E)
          • Late Upper Palaeolithic (15-11.7 kya)
          • Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
          • Neolithic Period (4000-1700 BC), Neolithic Monuments
          • Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
          • Pre-Roman Iron Age (500-00-09)
          • Roman Period (410)
      • 09 Finland
        • Introduction (Finland)
        • Mesolithic Period (8900-5300 BC)
        • Neolithic Period (5300-1500 BC)
        • Bronze Age (1500-500 BC)
        • Pre-Roman Iron Age (500-00-09)
        • Roman Period (09-400)
    • NORTHEAST EUROPE – IN PREPARATION
      • Baltic States
      • Western Russia
  • Ancient Near East
    • CONTENTS (ane)
    • Egypt (3050-00-646)
      • An Outline History of the Ancient Near East
      • Physical Geography of Egypt
      • Prehistory (700 kya-c.3050 BC)
        • The Nile
        • Palaeolithic Period (700-7 kya)
        • Saharan Neolithic Period (c.8800-c.4700 BC)
        • Predynastic Period (c.5300-c.3050 BC)
      • Early Dynastic Period (c.3050-c.2686 BC)
      • Old Kingdom (c.2686-c.2160 BC)
      • Second Intermediate Period (c.1650-c.1550 BC)
      • New Kingdom (c.1550-c.1069 BC)
        • Ramessids, Sea People
      • Third Intermediate Period (c.1069-664 BC): Thebes and Tanis, Libyans, Nubians, Assyrians
      • Late Period (664-332 BC)
      • Graeco-Roman Period (332-395)
        • Macedonian Dynasty, Ptolemaic Dynasty
        • Roman Period  (30-00-395)
        • Byzantine Period, (395-646)
    • Mesopotamia (c.2900-00-637)
      • Prehistory (120 kya-3000 BC)
        • Palaeolithic Period, Mesolithic Period
        • Neolithic Period, Predynastic Period
      • Early Dynastic Period (c.2900-c.2270 BC); Kish I-IV, Uruk I-III, Ur I- II, Lagash-I and Umma
      • Akkad Period (c.2270-c.2083 BC)
      • Gutian Period, Ur III Period (c.2141-c.1940 BC)
      • Old Babylonian Period (c.1830-c.1531 BC): Hammurabi, Hammurabi’s Successors
      • Assyrian Period (729-627 BC)
      • Achaemenid Period (539-331 BC)
      • Greek Period (331-129 BC), Seleucus-I
      • Sassanian Period (224-637)
      • Larsa-Isin Period (c.1940-c.1728 BC)
    • Assyria (c.2000-608 BC)
      • Old Assyrian Period (c.2000-c.1353 BC)
      • Neo-Assyrian Period (935-608 BC), Fall of Nineveh
    • Asia Minor (c.9600-00-1453)
      • Prehistory of Asia Minor (c.9600-c.3300 BC)
        • Neolithic Period (c.9600-c.6000 BC)
      • Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
        • Introduction
        • Hittites (c.1600-c.1200 BC)
        • Mitanni (c.1500-c.1245 BC)
      • Iron Age (c.1200-546 BC)
        • Nairi and Urartu (c.1260-c.580 BC)
        • Greek Colonisation (c.750-c.550 BC)
        • Phrygia, Lycia
      • Achaemenid Period (546-333 BC)
        • Introduction
        • Ionian Revolt (499-493 BC)
      • Greek Period (333-190 BC)
        • Antigonus-I (c.81; r.306-301 BC) and Lysimachus (79; r.305-281 BC)
        • Bithynia (376-74 BC)
        • Cappadocia (331-00-17)
        • Commagene (163-00-72)
        • Armenia (570-00-114)
      • Roman Period (190-00-395)
    • Syria (3300-00-637)
      • Physical Geography of Syria
      • Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC) (S)
        • Amorites (c.2000-c.1531 BC)
        • Mitanni (1500-1260 BC)
      • Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC), Aramaeans
      • Achaemenid Period, Greek Period; Seleucids
      • Roman Period (63-00-395)
    • Phoenicia (c.3300-00-637)
      • Achaemenid Period (539-332 BC); Cyprus, Sidon
      • Roman Period (63-00-395) (p)
    • Palestine (c.3300-00-638)
      • Bronze Age: Canaanites (c.2000-c.1200 BC)
      • Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC) (p)
        • United Monarchy (c.1030-c.931 BC); House of Saul, House of David
        • Divided Monarchy, Houses of Jeroboam, Baasha, Zimri, Omri, Jehu, Shallum and Menahem, Pekah and Hoshea
        • Fall of Judah (586 BC)
      • Greek Period (333-63 BC)
        • Hasmonean (Maccabean) Dynasty (167-37 BC)
        • Nabataeans (312-00-106)
        • Roman Period (63-00-395) (pa)
          • Herodian Dynasty (37-00-92)
          • Herod the Great
          • Peter the Fisherman, Paul of Tarsus
          • Constantine-I the Great (65; r.306-337)
    • Persia (c.3200-00-651)
      • Prehistory; Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic Periods 
      • Median Period (728-549 BC)
      • Achaemenid Period (550-330 BC)
        • Cambyses II (r.530-522 BC) 
      • Greek Period (330-238 BC)
      • Parthian Arsacid Dynasty (238-00-224)
        • Armenia and Rome
      • Sassanid Dynasty (224-651)
        • Byzantium
    • Appendices (ane)
      • Ancient Near East: Chronology (2500 kya-AD 1453)
  • Ancient Greece
    • An Outline History of Ancient Greece
    • Physical Geography of Greece
    • Prehistory of Greece (700 kya-1350 BC): Palaeolithic, Neolithic
    • Bronze Age (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
      • Minoan Civilisation (Crete, c.3650-c.1100 BC)
      • Cycladic Civilisation (Cyclades, c.3000-c.1100 BC)
      • Helladic Period (Mainland, c.2800-c.1100 BC)
        • Troy (c.3000-1st Century BC)
    • Dark Age (c.1100-c.750 BC)
      • Dorian Greeks (c.1100-c.1000 BC)
    • Early Archaic Period (c.750-546 BC)
      • Homer (c.750 BC) and Hesiod (c.700 BC)
        • Hesiod (c.700 BC)
        • Colonial Expansion (c.750-c.550 BC)
      • Panhellenism,Tyranny
      • Northern Greece
        • Thessaly, Epirus
      • Central Greece
        • Phocis (Delphi)
        • Attica (Athens)
          • Introduction (Ancient Greece)
          • Cylon, Draco, Solon
          • Cleisthenes (c.570-c.507 BC, archon 525/4 BC)
      • Southern Greece (=Peloponnese)
        • Introduction (sg)
        • Corinthia (Corinth), Sicyon (city-state)
        • Laconia (Sparta)
        • Messenia (Messene)
      • Eastern Aegean
        • Ionia
          • Chios
          • Miletus
          • Ephesus, Smyrna, Phocaea
        • Aeolis, Lesbos
      • Black Sea
        • Greek Cities: Sinope, Trapezus, Olbia
      • Southern Italy
        • Greek Cities: Sicily; Syracuse, Gela
    • Western Greeks (c.580-446 BC) [1/2]
      • Phoenicians and Carthaginians, Etruscans, Ducetius, Alliances with Athens
    • Late Archaic Period (546-479 BC)
      • Advance of Persia (546-c.511 BC)
      • Developments in Warfare; Chariots, Hoplites, Warships, Wall Fortification
      • Persian Wars (499-449 BC)
        • Ionian Revolt (499-493 BC) (g)
        • Thermopylae and Artemisium (480 BC)
        • Salamis (480 BC)
        • Plataea and Mycale (479 BC)
    • Early Classical Period (479-446 BC)
      • Delian League (478-454 BC)
        • Introduction
        • Cimon (c.510-450 BC)
        • Pericles (c.495-429 BC)
      • First Peloponnesian War (c.460-446 BC)
        • After the Truce
    • Middle Classical Period (446-404 BC)
      • Thirty Years’ Treaty (446-431 BC)
        • Acarnanian Alliance (mid-430s-389 BC), Corinth-Corcyra War (435-431 BC)
        • Megarian Decree, Battle of Potidaea
      • Second (=Great) Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)
        • Archidamian War (431-421 BC)
          • Year Two (430/429 BC): Plague at Athens
          • Year Four (428/427 BC): Mytilene
          • Year Five (427/426 BC): Corcyra
          • Year Six (426/425 BC): Tanagra, Aegitium, Olpae, Idomene
          • Year Eight (424/423 BC): Megara, Delium
          • Year Ten (422/421 BC): Amphipolis
        • Interlude (421-413 BC)
          • Year Fifteen (417/416 BC), Hysiae; Year Sixteen (416/415 BC), Melos
          • Year Nineteen (413/412 BC): Sicilian Expedition, Sea Battles in Great Harbour
        • Decelean (=Ionian) War (413-404 BC)
          • Year Twenty-One (411/410 BC): Eretria, Cynosure, Abydos
          • Year Twenty-Two (410/409 BC): Cyzicus
          • Year Twenty-Six (406/405 BC): Notium, Arginusae
    • Western Greeks [2/2]
      • Timoleon (c.77; r.343-337 BC; died c.334 BC)
    • Late Classical period (404-323 BC)
      • Second Sicilian War (410-367 BC)
        • Syracuse
      • Spartan Hegemony (404-386 BC)
        • Sparta’s War with Elis (402-398 BC)
        • Sparta’s Expeditions to Asia Minor
          • Agesilaus II
        • Corinthian War (395–387 BC)
          • Later events (394-388 BC), Lechaeum (391 BC)
      • Decline of Sparta (386-371 BC)
        • Theban-Spartan War (378-371 BC), Tegyra
      • Theban Hegemony (371-362 BC)
        • Shifting Alliances
        • Collapse of the Leading Powers, Northern Greece
      • Philip II of Macedon (46; r.359-336 BC)
        • Third Sacred War (356-346 BC): Eubulus and Demosthenes
        • Philip in Eastern Thrace (342-340 BC); Perinthus, Byzantium
      • Alexander III the Great (32; r.336-323 BC)
        • Destruction of Thebes (September, 335 BC)
        • Conquest of Levant and Egypt (332 BC), Sieges of Tyre and Gaza
        • Defeat of Persia (331-330 BC), Battles: Uxian Defile, Persian Gates
        • Subjugation of the Eastern Satrapies: Aria, Drangian and Arachosia
        • Invasion of India (327-325 BC), Cophen Campaign, Indus Expedition
      • Hellenistic Period (323-146 BC)
        • Rebellion in Greece, Lamian War (323-321 BC)
        • Diadochian Wars (322-276 BC): War against Perdiccas (321-319 BC); Cappadocia, Egypt, Nora
        • Antigonid Era (276-146 BC)
          • Antigonus II Gonata, Aetolian and Achaean Leagues
          • Philip V (59; r.221-179 BC), Social War (220-217 BC)
          • Philip V: Antiochus III of Syria (c.54; r.223-187 BC)
      • Roman Period (146-00-395)
        • Julius Caesar (55; r.46-44 BC), Marc Antony (53; fl.44-30 BC)
      • Byzantine Period (395-1453)
        • Crusaders, Ottoman Turks
  • Roman Republic
    • An Outline History of the Roman Republic (509-27 BC)
    • Prehistory (850 kya-2300 BC)
      • Palaeolithic, Mesolithic
      • Neolithic Period, Chalcolithic
      • Bronze Age (2300-950 BC)
      • Early Iron Age (950-c.753 BC)
        • Early Peoples of Italy 
        • Villanovans, Greeks, Phoenicians and Carthaginians
        • Etruscans (c.800-509 BC)
          • Introduction (RR)
          • Southern Expansion, Northern Expansion
  • Roman Empire

Category: Year Six (426/425 BC): Tanagra, Aegitium, Olpae, Idomene

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Archidamian War (431-421 BC), Ancient Greece, Second (=Great) Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), Thirty Years' Treaty (446-431 BC), Year Six (426/425 BC): Tanagra, Aegitium, Olpae, Idomene

Ancient Greece, Second (=Great) Peloponnesian War, Archidamian War, Year Six (426/425 BC): Tanagra, Aegitium, Olpae, Idomene

April 13, 2025 — 0 Comments

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