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Astronomy
CONTENTS
Basics
Apparent Motions of the Sun and Stars
Calendars
Conjunction and Opposition
Ecliptic
Equinoxes and Solstices
Motions of the Planets
Precession and Nutation
Solar System
Zodiac
Early European Astronomy
Greek (7th-2nd Century BC)
Geocentric Universe
Rome (1st Century BC to 6th Century AD)
Western Europe
Ancient and Distant Lands
China
Calendars
Observation Instruments
Star Lists and Charts
Egypt
India
Islam
Introduction
Observatories
Doubts about Ptolemy
Mesoamerica
Mesopotamia
Medieval Period (5th-13th Century)
Renaissance (14th-15th Century)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Regiomontanus (1436-1476)
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Modern Era (16th Century-Present)
16th Century
Cepheids
17th Century
Distances to the Stars
Halley’s Comet
Inverse Square Law
Longitude
Parallax
18th Century
Annual Parallax
Black Holes
Bode’s Law
Milky Way
Nebulae and the Galaxy
Proper Motion
19th Century
Doppler Effect
Magnitude
Relativity
Spectroscopy
Sunspots
20th Century
Big Bang Theory
Expanding Universe
Radio Astronomy
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
Appendices
History of Astronomy (5000 BC-Present), Chronology
Observatories, Alphabetical List
People, Alphabetical List
Beginnings
CONTENTS
Earth and the Universe
Creation of the Universe
Chronology
Introduction
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Forming of the Solar System
Galaxies and the Stars
Inflationary Model of the Universe
Nucleosynthesis
Space-Time
Planet Earth
Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle
Structure and the Palaeomagnetic Timescale
Archaeology
Chronology
Ancient and Distant Lands
Aegean
Americas and Oceania
Antiquity of Man, Early Man
China and India
Egypt
Mesopotamia
Antiquarians
Greece and Rome
Three-Age System
Geological Time (4600 kya-present)
Introduction
Continental Drift
Fossils and Dating
Supercontinents
Introduction
Evolution of Life (4600 mya-Present)
Introduction, Taxonomy
Precambrian Superion (4600-541 mya)
Hadean Eon (4600-4000 mya)
Archaean Eon (4000-2500 mya)
Proterozoic Eon (2500-541 mya)
Phanerozoic Eon (541 mya-Present)
Palaeozoic Era (541-252 mya)
Cambrian Period (541-485 mya)
Ordovician Period (485-444 mya)
Silurian Period (444-419 mya)
Devonian Period (419-359 mya), Amphibians
Carboniferous Period (359-299 mya)
Permian Period (299-252 mya), Seed Plants
Mesozoic Era (252-66 mya)
Triassic Period (252-201 mya)
Jurassic Period (201-145 mya)
Cretaceous Period (145-66.0 mya)
Cenozoic Era (66 mya-Present)
Neogene Period (66-2.58 mya)
Palaeocene Epoch (66.0-56.0 mya)
Eocene Epoch (56.0-33.9 mya)
Oligocene Epoch (33.9-23.0 mya)
Miocene Epoch (23.0-5.33 mya), Elephants
Pliocene Epoch (5.33-2.59 mya
Quaternary Period (2.59 mya-Present)
Pleistocene Epoch (2.59-0.012 mya), Ice Age
Holocene Epoch (0.012 mya – present), Current Interglacial
Evolution of Man (25-1.9 mya) – Primates
Hominoids (apes), Hominids (great apes) , Hominines (African apes)
Hominins: Australopiths (ape-men), Hominans (humans)
Stone Ages (3300-7.5 kya)
Palaeolithic (‘Old Stone’ Age) Period (3300-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic (‘Middle Stone’) Age (11.7-8.5 kya)
Neolithic (‘New Stone’ Age) Period (8.5-7.5 kya), Pottery
Metal Ages (5500 BC-Present)
Copper Age (5500-3300 BC)
Bronze Age (3300-1200 BC)
Iron Age (1200 BC-Present)
Appendices
Evolution, Stone Ages, Metal Ages (4600 mya-Present): Chronology
People: Alphabetical List
Ancient Europe
Outline History
Physical Geography
Geological History (4600 mya-Present)
Chronology (13,600 mya-Present)
Introduction
Evolution of the Continents (3636 mya-Present)
Quaternary Ice Age (2580 mya-present)
Pleistocene Epoch (2.59-0.012 mya), Ice Age
Pleistocene Epoch (2.59-0.012 mya), Ice Age
Prehistory (1400 kya-2100 BC)
Palaeolithic Period (1400-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic (7000-2500 BC)
Neolithic Period (4000-2100 BC)
Northwest Europe (9700 BC-AD 410)
Greenland
Iceland
Ireland and Britain
Geological History, Introduction
Ireland
Chronology (1700 mya-AD 400)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC) (i)
Copper Age (2500-2000 BC)
Bronze Age (2000-500 BC)
O’rahilly’s historical model
Late Iron Age (100-400), Myths, Druids
Britain
England
Palaeolithic Period (900-11.7 kya)
Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC)
Bronze Age (2500-800 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (800-00-43)
Roman Period (43-410)
Scotland
Palaeolithic Period (14-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Bronze Age (2500-650 BC)
Celtic Tribes of Scotland (Ptolemy)
Roman Period (43-407)
Invasion (209)
Picti and Scoti
Scottish Islands
Introduction
Northern Isles
Orkney
Shetland
Scottish Islands: Introduction
Wales
Palaeolithic Period (230-11.7 kya)
Neolithic Period (230-2500 BC)
Roman Period (48-410)
Occupation and Settlement (78-383)
Northern Europe (9700 BC-AD 410)
Introduction
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
Late Upper Palaeolithic (15-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC-AD 09)
Roman Period (09-400)
Ancient Near East
Outline History
Chronology
History of Astronomy (5000 BC-Present), Chronology
Egypt (3050 BC-AD 642)
Physical Geography
prehistory (700 kya-c.3050 BC)
Predynastic Period (c.5300-c.3050 BC)
Early Dynastic Period (c.3050-c.2686 BC)
Old Kingdom (c.2686-c.2160 BC)
Middle Kingdom (c.2055-c.1650 BC)
New Kingdom (c.1550-c.1069 BC)
Third Intermediate Period (c.1069-664 BC)
Late Period (664-332 BC)
Graeco-Roman Period (332-395)
Macedonian Dynasty, Ptolemaic Dynasty
Mesopotamia (2900 BC-AD 637)
Prehistory (120 kya-3000 BC)
Early Dynastic Period (c.2900-c.2270 BC)
Akkad Period (c.2270-c.2083 BC)
Gutian Period, Ur III Period (c.2141-c.1940 BC)
Larsa-Isin Period (c.1940-c.1728 BC)
Old Babylonian Period (c.1830-c.1531 BC)
Assyrian Period (729-627 BC)
Achaemenid Period (539-331 BC)
Assyria (2000-608 BC)
Neo-Assyrian Period (935-608 BC)
Asia Minor (c.9600 BC-AD 1453)
Physical Geography
Prehistory (c.9600-c.3300 BC)
Neolithic Period (c.9600-c.6000 BC)
Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-546 BC)
Greek Period (333-190 BC)
Roman Period (190 BC-AD 395)
Herodian Dynasty (37 BC-AD 92)
Syria (3300 BC-AD 637)
Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC)
Roman Period (63 BC-AD-395)
Phoenicia (3300 BC-AD 637)
Achaemenid Period (539-332-BC)
Roman Period
Palestine (3300 BC-AD 638)
Bronze age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC)
Greek Period (333-63 BC)
Roman Period (63 BC-AD 395)
Persia (3200 BC-AD 651)
Prehistory (800 kya-c.3200 BC)
Median Period (728-549 BC)
Achaemenid Period (550-330 BC)
Sassanid Dynasty (224-651)
Ancient Greece
Physical Geography
Chronology (700 kya-756 BC): Prehistory, Bronze Age, Dark Age
Prehistory (700 kya-c.1350 BC)
Bronze Age (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
Minoan Civilisation (c.3650-c.1100 BC)
Cycladic Civilisation (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
Helladic Period (c.2800-c.1100 BC)
Dark Age (c.1100-c.750 BC)
Outline History
Early Archaic Period c.750-546 BC)
Chronology
Homer and Hesiod
Central Greece
Colonial Expansion
Eastern Aegean
Northern Greece
Panhellenism and Tyranny
Southern Greece
Southern Italy
Late Archaic Period (546-479 BC)
Chronology
Persian Wars (499-449 BC)
Early Classical Period (479-446 BC)
Chronology
Delian League (478-454 BC)
Western Greeks (1/2) (c.580-446 BC)
First Peloponnesian War (c.460-446 BC)
Middle Classical Period (446-404 BC)
Thirty Years’ Treaty (446-431 BC)
Second (=Great) Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)
Archidamian War (431-421 BC)
Interlude (421-413 BC)
Decelean (=Ionian) War (413-404 BC)
Late Classical period (404-323 BC)
Second Siciliian War (410-367 BC)
Spartan Hegemony (404-386 BC)
Decline of Sparta (386-371 BC)
Theban Hegenomy (371-362 BC)
Philip II of Macedon (46; r.359-336 BC)
Western Greeks (2/2) (367-331 BC)
Alexander III the Great (32; r.336-323 BC)
Hellenistic Period (323-146 BC)
Rebellion in Greece, Lamian War (323-321 BC)
Diadochian Wars (322-276 BC)
Antigonid Era (276-146 BC)
Roman Period (146 BC-AD 395)
Byzantine Period (395-1453)
Roman Republic
Physical Geography
Outline History
Prehistory (850 kya-2300 BC)
Palaeolithic and Mesolithic
Neolithic and Chalcoithic
Bronze Age (2300-1150 BC)
Early Iron Age (c.900 BC)
Villanovans, Greeks; Phoenicians and Carthaginians
Etruscans (c.800-509 BC)
Regal Rome (c.753-509 BC)
Chronology
Traditional Story
Early Roman Republic (509-264 BC)
Chronology
Society [2/4]
Government [1/3]
Assemblies
Magistrates
Conflict of the Orders (485-287 BC)
Roman Conquest of Italy (505-264 BC)
Rome and her Neighbours (505-338 BC)
Gallic Invasion of Rome (390/387 BC)
Roman Expansion (389-349 BC)
Samnite and Latin Wars (343-290 BC)
Gauls (284-283 BC) [2/2]
Conquest of Southern Italy (280-264 BC)
Roads and Aqueducts
Middle Roman Republic (264-133 BC)
First Punic War (264-241 BC)
First Punic War (264-241 BC)
Between the First and Second Punic Wars (241-218 BC)
Second Punic War (218-201 BC)
Eastern Mediterranean (204-146 BC)
Western Mediterranean (206-146 BC)
Late Roman Republic (133-27 BC)
Society [3/4]
Gracchan Reforms (133-121 BC)
Gaius Marius (70; fl.133-86 BC)
Sulla (c.60; fl.106-78 BC)
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (=Pompey; 58; fl.82-48 BC)
Gaius Octavius (76; fl.47 BC AD-14)
Julius Caesar (=Caesar; 56; fl.85-44 BC)
Appendices rr
Carthaginian Leaders (North Africa)
Prehistory, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age: Chronology (850 kya-770 BC)
Roman Family Names
Aurelius (28)
Cornelius (61)
Claudius (46)
Flavius (81)
Julius (49)
Roman Empire
Outline History
Chronology
Roman Emperors (27 BC-AD 476)
Roman Usurpers (41 BC-AD 486)
Early Roman Empire (27 BC-AD 193)
Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BC-68 AD)
Chronology
Augustus (76; r.27.01-00-14.08)
Tiberius (78; r.14-37)
Caligula (28; r.37.03-41.01)
Claudius-I (64; r.41-54)
Nero (30; r.54.10-68.06)
Year of the Four Emperors (69)
Chronology
Flavian Dynasty (69-96)
Chronology
Vespasian (69; r.69-79)
Domitian (44; r.81-96)
Nervan-Antonine Dynasty (96-193)
Chronology
Nerva (67; r.96-98)
Trajan (63; r.98-117)
Antoninus Pius (74; r.138-161)
Marcus Aurelius (58; r.161-180)
Commodus (31; r.177-192)
Year of the Five Emperors (193)
Middle Roman Empire (193-284)
Severan Dynasty (193-211, 218-235)
Chronology
Military Anarchy (235-284)
Maximinus-I Thrax, Gordian, Gordian II, Balbinus, Pupienus
Philip-I The Arab, Philip II
Decius, Herennius Etruscus
Gallienus, Saloninus
Aurelian
Late Roman Empire (284-476)
Diocletian, Maximian
Constantinian Dynasty (305-364)
Tetrarchic Wars (306-324)
Constantine II, Constans, Constantius II
Valentinian-Theodosian Dynasty (364-455)
Valens, Valentinian II
Interregnum (392–425)
Honorus
Theodosius II
Constantine III, Constans II, Constantius III
Valentinian III
Restoration (425-455)
Marcian (450-457)
Non-dynastic (455-476) (W) and the Leonid Dynasty (455-518) (E)
Avitus (W)
Libius Severus, Anthemius
Olybrius, Glycerius, Leo II, Zeno [1/2], Julius Nepos, Romulus Augustulus, Basiliscus, Zeno [2/2]
Home
Astronomy
CONTENTS
Basics
Apparent Motions of the Sun and Stars
Calendars
Conjunction and Opposition
Ecliptic
Equinoxes and Solstices
Motions of the Planets
Precession and Nutation
Solar System
Zodiac
Early European Astronomy
Greek (7th-2nd Century BC)
Geocentric Universe
Rome (1st Century BC to 6th Century AD)
Western Europe
Ancient and Distant Lands
China
Calendars
Observation Instruments
Star Lists and Charts
Egypt
India
Islam
Introduction
Observatories
Doubts about Ptolemy
Mesoamerica
Mesopotamia
Medieval Period (5th-13th Century)
Renaissance (14th-15th Century)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Regiomontanus (1436-1476)
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Modern Era (16th Century-Present)
16th Century
Cepheids
17th Century
Distances to the Stars
Halley’s Comet
Inverse Square Law
Longitude
Parallax
18th Century
Annual Parallax
Black Holes
Bode’s Law
Milky Way
Nebulae and the Galaxy
Proper Motion
19th Century
Doppler Effect
Magnitude
Relativity
Spectroscopy
Sunspots
20th Century
Big Bang Theory
Expanding Universe
Radio Astronomy
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
Appendices
History of Astronomy (5000 BC-Present), Chronology
Observatories, Alphabetical List
People, Alphabetical List
Beginnings
CONTENTS
Earth and the Universe
Creation of the Universe
Chronology
Introduction
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Forming of the Solar System
Galaxies and the Stars
Inflationary Model of the Universe
Nucleosynthesis
Space-Time
Planet Earth
Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle
Structure and the Palaeomagnetic Timescale
Archaeology
Chronology
Ancient and Distant Lands
Aegean
Americas and Oceania
Antiquity of Man, Early Man
China and India
Egypt
Mesopotamia
Antiquarians
Greece and Rome
Three-Age System
Geological Time (4600 kya-present)
Introduction
Continental Drift
Fossils and Dating
Supercontinents
Introduction
Evolution of Life (4600 mya-Present)
Introduction, Taxonomy
Precambrian Superion (4600-541 mya)
Hadean Eon (4600-4000 mya)
Archaean Eon (4000-2500 mya)
Proterozoic Eon (2500-541 mya)
Phanerozoic Eon (541 mya-Present)
Palaeozoic Era (541-252 mya)
Cambrian Period (541-485 mya)
Ordovician Period (485-444 mya)
Silurian Period (444-419 mya)
Devonian Period (419-359 mya), Amphibians
Carboniferous Period (359-299 mya)
Permian Period (299-252 mya), Seed Plants
Mesozoic Era (252-66 mya)
Triassic Period (252-201 mya)
Jurassic Period (201-145 mya)
Cretaceous Period (145-66.0 mya)
Cenozoic Era (66 mya-Present)
Neogene Period (66-2.58 mya)
Palaeocene Epoch (66.0-56.0 mya)
Eocene Epoch (56.0-33.9 mya)
Oligocene Epoch (33.9-23.0 mya)
Miocene Epoch (23.0-5.33 mya), Elephants
Pliocene Epoch (5.33-2.59 mya
Quaternary Period (2.59 mya-Present)
Pleistocene Epoch (2.59-0.012 mya), Ice Age
Holocene Epoch (0.012 mya – present), Current Interglacial
Evolution of Man (25-1.9 mya) – Primates
Hominoids (apes), Hominids (great apes) , Hominines (African apes)
Hominins: Australopiths (ape-men), Hominans (humans)
Stone Ages (3300-7.5 kya)
Palaeolithic (‘Old Stone’ Age) Period (3300-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic (‘Middle Stone’) Age (11.7-8.5 kya)
Neolithic (‘New Stone’ Age) Period (8.5-7.5 kya), Pottery
Metal Ages (5500 BC-Present)
Copper Age (5500-3300 BC)
Bronze Age (3300-1200 BC)
Iron Age (1200 BC-Present)
Appendices
Evolution, Stone Ages, Metal Ages (4600 mya-Present): Chronology
People: Alphabetical List
Ancient Europe
Outline History
Physical Geography
Geological History (4600 mya-Present)
Chronology (13,600 mya-Present)
Introduction
Evolution of the Continents (3636 mya-Present)
Quaternary Ice Age (2580 mya-present)
Pleistocene Epoch (2.59-0.012 mya), Ice Age
Pleistocene Epoch (2.59-0.012 mya), Ice Age
Prehistory (1400 kya-2100 BC)
Palaeolithic Period (1400-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic (7000-2500 BC)
Neolithic Period (4000-2100 BC)
Northwest Europe (9700 BC-AD 410)
Greenland
Iceland
Ireland and Britain
Geological History, Introduction
Ireland
Chronology (1700 mya-AD 400)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC) (i)
Copper Age (2500-2000 BC)
Bronze Age (2000-500 BC)
O’rahilly’s historical model
Late Iron Age (100-400), Myths, Druids
Britain
England
Palaeolithic Period (900-11.7 kya)
Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC)
Bronze Age (2500-800 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (800-00-43)
Roman Period (43-410)
Scotland
Palaeolithic Period (14-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Bronze Age (2500-650 BC)
Celtic Tribes of Scotland (Ptolemy)
Roman Period (43-407)
Invasion (209)
Picti and Scoti
Scottish Islands
Introduction
Northern Isles
Orkney
Shetland
Scottish Islands: Introduction
Wales
Palaeolithic Period (230-11.7 kya)
Neolithic Period (230-2500 BC)
Roman Period (48-410)
Occupation and Settlement (78-383)
Northern Europe (9700 BC-AD 410)
Introduction
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
Late Upper Palaeolithic (15-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC-AD 09)
Roman Period (09-400)
Ancient Near East
Outline History
Chronology
History of Astronomy (5000 BC-Present), Chronology
Egypt (3050 BC-AD 642)
Physical Geography
prehistory (700 kya-c.3050 BC)
Predynastic Period (c.5300-c.3050 BC)
Early Dynastic Period (c.3050-c.2686 BC)
Old Kingdom (c.2686-c.2160 BC)
Middle Kingdom (c.2055-c.1650 BC)
New Kingdom (c.1550-c.1069 BC)
Third Intermediate Period (c.1069-664 BC)
Late Period (664-332 BC)
Graeco-Roman Period (332-395)
Macedonian Dynasty, Ptolemaic Dynasty
Mesopotamia (2900 BC-AD 637)
Prehistory (120 kya-3000 BC)
Early Dynastic Period (c.2900-c.2270 BC)
Akkad Period (c.2270-c.2083 BC)
Gutian Period, Ur III Period (c.2141-c.1940 BC)
Larsa-Isin Period (c.1940-c.1728 BC)
Old Babylonian Period (c.1830-c.1531 BC)
Assyrian Period (729-627 BC)
Achaemenid Period (539-331 BC)
Assyria (2000-608 BC)
Neo-Assyrian Period (935-608 BC)
Asia Minor (c.9600 BC-AD 1453)
Physical Geography
Prehistory (c.9600-c.3300 BC)
Neolithic Period (c.9600-c.6000 BC)
Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-546 BC)
Greek Period (333-190 BC)
Roman Period (190 BC-AD 395)
Herodian Dynasty (37 BC-AD 92)
Syria (3300 BC-AD 637)
Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC)
Roman Period (63 BC-AD-395)
Phoenicia (3300 BC-AD 637)
Achaemenid Period (539-332-BC)
Roman Period
Palestine (3300 BC-AD 638)
Bronze age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC)
Greek Period (333-63 BC)
Roman Period (63 BC-AD 395)
Persia (3200 BC-AD 651)
Prehistory (800 kya-c.3200 BC)
Median Period (728-549 BC)
Achaemenid Period (550-330 BC)
Sassanid Dynasty (224-651)
Ancient Greece
Physical Geography
Chronology (700 kya-756 BC): Prehistory, Bronze Age, Dark Age
Prehistory (700 kya-c.1350 BC)
Bronze Age (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
Minoan Civilisation (c.3650-c.1100 BC)
Cycladic Civilisation (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
Helladic Period (c.2800-c.1100 BC)
Dark Age (c.1100-c.750 BC)
Outline History
Early Archaic Period c.750-546 BC)
Chronology
Homer and Hesiod
Central Greece
Colonial Expansion
Eastern Aegean
Northern Greece
Panhellenism and Tyranny
Southern Greece
Southern Italy
Late Archaic Period (546-479 BC)
Chronology
Persian Wars (499-449 BC)
Early Classical Period (479-446 BC)
Chronology
Delian League (478-454 BC)
Western Greeks (1/2) (c.580-446 BC)
First Peloponnesian War (c.460-446 BC)
Middle Classical Period (446-404 BC)
Thirty Years’ Treaty (446-431 BC)
Second (=Great) Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)
Archidamian War (431-421 BC)
Interlude (421-413 BC)
Decelean (=Ionian) War (413-404 BC)
Late Classical period (404-323 BC)
Second Siciliian War (410-367 BC)
Spartan Hegemony (404-386 BC)
Decline of Sparta (386-371 BC)
Theban Hegenomy (371-362 BC)
Philip II of Macedon (46; r.359-336 BC)
Western Greeks (2/2) (367-331 BC)
Alexander III the Great (32; r.336-323 BC)
Hellenistic Period (323-146 BC)
Rebellion in Greece, Lamian War (323-321 BC)
Diadochian Wars (322-276 BC)
Antigonid Era (276-146 BC)
Roman Period (146 BC-AD 395)
Byzantine Period (395-1453)
Roman Republic
Physical Geography
Outline History
Prehistory (850 kya-2300 BC)
Palaeolithic and Mesolithic
Neolithic and Chalcoithic
Bronze Age (2300-1150 BC)
Early Iron Age (c.900 BC)
Villanovans, Greeks; Phoenicians and Carthaginians
Etruscans (c.800-509 BC)
Regal Rome (c.753-509 BC)
Chronology
Traditional Story
Early Roman Republic (509-264 BC)
Chronology
Society [2/4]
Government [1/3]
Assemblies
Magistrates
Conflict of the Orders (485-287 BC)
Roman Conquest of Italy (505-264 BC)
Rome and her Neighbours (505-338 BC)
Gallic Invasion of Rome (390/387 BC)
Roman Expansion (389-349 BC)
Samnite and Latin Wars (343-290 BC)
Gauls (284-283 BC) [2/2]
Conquest of Southern Italy (280-264 BC)
Roads and Aqueducts
Middle Roman Republic (264-133 BC)
First Punic War (264-241 BC)
First Punic War (264-241 BC)
Between the First and Second Punic Wars (241-218 BC)
Second Punic War (218-201 BC)
Eastern Mediterranean (204-146 BC)
Western Mediterranean (206-146 BC)
Late Roman Republic (133-27 BC)
Society [3/4]
Gracchan Reforms (133-121 BC)
Gaius Marius (70; fl.133-86 BC)
Sulla (c.60; fl.106-78 BC)
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (=Pompey; 58; fl.82-48 BC)
Gaius Octavius (76; fl.47 BC AD-14)
Julius Caesar (=Caesar; 56; fl.85-44 BC)
Appendices rr
Carthaginian Leaders (North Africa)
Prehistory, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age: Chronology (850 kya-770 BC)
Roman Family Names
Aurelius (28)
Cornelius (61)
Claudius (46)
Flavius (81)
Julius (49)
Roman Empire
Outline History
Chronology
Roman Emperors (27 BC-AD 476)
Roman Usurpers (41 BC-AD 486)
Early Roman Empire (27 BC-AD 193)
Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BC-68 AD)
Chronology
Augustus (76; r.27.01-00-14.08)
Tiberius (78; r.14-37)
Caligula (28; r.37.03-41.01)
Claudius-I (64; r.41-54)
Nero (30; r.54.10-68.06)
Year of the Four Emperors (69)
Chronology
Flavian Dynasty (69-96)
Chronology
Vespasian (69; r.69-79)
Domitian (44; r.81-96)
Nervan-Antonine Dynasty (96-193)
Chronology
Nerva (67; r.96-98)
Trajan (63; r.98-117)
Antoninus Pius (74; r.138-161)
Marcus Aurelius (58; r.161-180)
Commodus (31; r.177-192)
Year of the Five Emperors (193)
Middle Roman Empire (193-284)
Severan Dynasty (193-211, 218-235)
Chronology
Military Anarchy (235-284)
Maximinus-I Thrax, Gordian, Gordian II, Balbinus, Pupienus
Philip-I The Arab, Philip II
Decius, Herennius Etruscus
Gallienus, Saloninus
Aurelian
Late Roman Empire (284-476)
Diocletian, Maximian
Constantinian Dynasty (305-364)
Tetrarchic Wars (306-324)
Constantine II, Constans, Constantius II
Valentinian-Theodosian Dynasty (364-455)
Valens, Valentinian II
Interregnum (392–425)
Honorus
Theodosius II
Constantine III, Constans II, Constantius III
Valentinian III
Restoration (425-455)
Marcian (450-457)
Non-dynastic (455-476) (W) and the Leonid Dynasty (455-518) (E)
Avitus (W)
Libius Severus, Anthemius
Olybrius, Glycerius, Leo II, Zeno [1/2], Julius Nepos, Romulus Augustulus, Basiliscus, Zeno [2/2]
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