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Astronomy
Chronology (30th Century BC-present)
Observatories
Basics
Apparent Motions of the Sun and Stars
Ecliptic
Solar System
Motions of the Planets
Conjunction and Opposition
Equinoxes and Solstices
Precession and Nutation
Zodiac
Calendars
Ancient and Distant Lands (3200-00-1500)
Western Europe
Egypt
Mesoamerica
Greek
Rome
India
China
Mesopotamia
Islam
Medieval European Astronomy (1100-1500)
Renaissance (1500-1600)
Regiomontanus (1436-1476)
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Modern Astronomy (1600-present)
17th Century
Distances to the Stars
Halley’s Comet
Longitude
18th Century
Annual Parallax
Nebulae and the Galaxy
Proper Motion
Black Holes
19th Century
Spectroscopy
Magnitude
Doppler Effect
20th Century
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
Before history
Earth and the Universe
Creation of the Universe
Chronology
Space-Time
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Forming of the Solar System
Archaeology
Chronology
Ancient and Distant Lands
Greece and Rome
Antiquarians
India and China
Geological Time (4560 kya-present)
Chronology
Fossils and Dating
Continental Drift
Supercontinents
Evolution of Life (4560 mya-present)
Chronology
Precambrian Superion (4560-541 mya)
Hadean Eon (4560-4000 mya)
Archaean Eon (4000-2500 mya)
Proterozoic Eon (2500-541 mya)
Palaeozoic Era (541-252 mya)
Ordovician Period (485-444 mya)
Silurian Period (444-419 mya)
Carboniferous Period (359-299 mya)
Mesozoic Era (252-66 mya)
Triassic Period (252-201 mya)
Jurassic Period (201-145 mya)
Cretaceous Period (145-66 mya)
Cenozoic Era (66 mya-present)
Neogene Period (66-2.6 mya)
Palaeocene Epoch (66.0-56.0 mya)
Eocene Epoch (56.0-33.9 mya)
Evolution of Man (66,000-200 kya)
Prehistory (2700 kya-3500 BC)
Stone Ages (2700-8.5 kya)
Metal Ages (5500 BC-AD 800)
Ancient Europe
Outline History
Physical Geography
Geological History (4560 kya-present)
Chronology
Evolution of the Continents (3636 mya-present)
Quaternary Ice Age (2580 kya-present)
Prehistory (1400 kya-3500 BC)
Palaeolithic Period (1400-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic (7000-2500 BC)
Metal Ages (3500 BC-AD 800)
Bronze Age (3500-500 BC
Iron Age 500 BC-AD 800)
Northwest Europe (9700 BC-AD 410)
Greenland
Iceland
Ireland
Chronology (1700 mya-AD 400)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Copper Age (2500-2000 BC)
Bronze Age (2000-500 BC)
Late Iron Age (100-400), Myths, Druids
Scotland
Palaeolithic Period (14-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Roman Period (43-407)
Scottish Islands
Introduction
Northern Isles
Shetland
Wales
Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC)
England
Palaeolithic Period (900-11.7 kya)
Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC)
Bronze Age (2500-800 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (800-00-43)
Roman Period (43-410)
Northern Europe (9700 BC-AD 410)
Introduction
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
Late Upper Palaeolithic (15-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC-AD 09)
Ancient Near East
Outline History
Chronology
Bronze Age (3200-1200 BC)
Egypt (3050 BC-AD 642)
prehistory (700 kya-c.3050 BC)
Predynastic Period (c.5300-c.3050 BC)
Early Dynastic Period (c.3050-c.2686 BC)
Middle Kingdom (c.2055-c.1650 BC)
New Kingdom (c.1550-c.1069 BC)
Late Period (664-332 BC)
Graeco-Roman Period (332-395)
Mesopotamia (2900 BC-AD 637)
Prehistory (120 kya-3000 BC)
Early Dynastic Period (c.2900-c.2270 BC)
Old Babylonian Period (c.1830-c.1531 BC)
Assyrian Period (729-627 BC)
Achaemenid Period (539-331 BC)
Assyria (2000-608 BC)
Neo-Assyrian Period (935-608 BC)
Asia Minor (c.9600 BC-AD 1453)
Neolithic Period (c.9600-c.6000 BC)
Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-546 BC)
Greek Period (333-190 BC)
Roman Period (190 BC-AD 395)
Syria (3300 BC-AD 637)
Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC)
Roman Period (63 BC-AD-395)
Phoenicia (3300 BC-AD 637)
Achaemenid Period (539-332-BC)
Roman Period (Ph)
Palestine (3300 BC-AD 638)
Bronze age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC)
Greek Period (333-63 BC)
Roman Period (63 BC-AD 395)
Persia (3200 BC-AD 651)
Prehistory (800 kya-c.3200 BC)
Median Period (728-549 BC)
Achaemenid Period (550-330 BC)
Sassanid Dynasty (224-651)
Ancient Greece
Outline History
Physical Geography
Prehistory (700 kya-c.1350 BC)
Chronology
Bronze Age (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
Cycladic Civilisation (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
Minoan Civilisation (c.3650-c.1100 BC)
Helladic Period (c.2800-c.1100 BC)
Dark Age (c.1100-c.750 BC)
Early Archaic Period c.750-546 BC)
Chronology
Homer and Hesiod
Panhellenism and Tyranny
Central Greece
Southern Greece
Eastern Aegean
Southern Italy
Late Archaic Period (546-479 BC)
Chronology
Persian Wars (499-449 BC)
Early Classical Period (479-446 BC)
Chronology
Delian League (478-454 BC)
Western Greeks (1/2) (c.580-446 BC)
First Peloponnesian War (c.460-446 BC)
Middle Classical Period (446-404 BC)
Thirty Years’ Treaty (446-431 BC)
Second (=Great) Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)
Archidamian War (431-421 BC)
Interlude (421-413 BC)
Decelean (=Ionian) War (413-404 BC)
Late Classical period (404-323 BC)
Second Siciliian War (410-367 BC)
Spartan Hegemony (404-386 BC)
Decline of Sparta (386-371 BC)
Theban Hegenomy (371-362 BC)
Philip II of Macedon (46; r.359-336 BC)
Western Greeks (2/2) (367-331 BC)
Alexander III the Great (32; r.336-323 BC)
Hellenistic Period (323-146 BC)
Rebellion in Greece, Lamian War (323-321 BC)
Diadochian Wars (322-276 BC)
Antigonid Era (276-146 BC)
Roman Period (146 BC-AD 395)
Byzantine Period (395-1453)
Roman Republic
Outline History
Physical Geography
Chronology
Roman Family Names
Carthaginian Leaders
Prehistory (850 kya-2300 BC)
Bronze Age (2300-1150 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (c.900-509 BC)
Regal Rome (c.753-509 BC)
Chronology
Traditional Story
Early Roman Republic (509-264 BC)
Chronology
Assemblies
Conflict of the Orders (485-287 BC)
Roman Conquest of Italy (505-264 BC)
Middle Roman Republic (264-133 BC)
First Punic War (264-241 BC)
First Punic War (264-241 BC)
Between the First and Second Punic Wars (241-218 BC)
Second Punic War (218-201 BC)
Eastern Mediterranean (204-146 BC)
Western Mediterranean (206-146 BC)
Late Roman Republic (133-27 BC)
Society [3/4]
Gracchan Reforms (133-121 BC)
Gaius Marius (70; fl.133-86 BC)
Sulla (c.60; fl.106-78 BC)
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (=Pompey; 58; fl.82-48 BC)
Julius Caesar (=Caesar; 56; fl.85-44 BC)
Gaius Octavius (76; fl.47 BC AD-14)
Roman Empire
Outline History
Chronology
Roman Emperors (27 BC-AD 476)
Roman Usurpers (41 BC-AD 486)
Early Roman Empire (27 BC-AD 193)
Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BC-68 AD)
Chronology
Augustus (76; r.27.01-00-14.08)
Tiberius (78; r.14-37)
Caligula (28; r.37.03-41.01)
Claudius-I (64; r.41-54)
Nero (30; r.54.10-68.06)
Year of the Four Emperors (69)
Chronology
Flavian Dynasty (69-96)
Chronology
Vespasian (69; r.69-79)
Domitian (44; r.81-96)
Nervan-Antonine Dynasty (96-193)
Chronology
Nerva (67; r.96-98)
Trajan (63; r.98-117)
Marcus Aurelius (58; r.161-180)
Commodus (31; r.177-192)
Year of the Five Emperors (193)
Middle Roman Empire (193-284)
Severan Dynasty (193-211, 218-235)
Chronology
Military Anarchy (235-284)
Maximinus-I Thrax, Gordian, Gordian II, Balbinus, Pupienus
Philip-I The Arab, Philip II
Decius, Herennius Etruscus
Hostilian, Trebonianus Gallus, Volusianus, Aemilianus
Valerian
Gallienus, Saloninus
Aurelian
Tacitus, Florianus, Probus
Numerian, Carinus
Late Roman Empire (284-476)
Diocletian, Maximian
Constantinian Dynasty (305-364)
Tetrarchic Wars (306-324)
Constantine II, Constans, Constantius II
Valentinian-Theodosian Dynasty (364-455)
Valens, Valentinian II
Interregnum (392–425)
Honorus
Theodosius II
Constantine III, Constans II, Constantius III
Valentinian III
Restoration (425-455)
Marcian (450-457)
Non-dynastic (455-476) (W) and the Leonid Dynasty (455-518) (E)
Avitus (W)
Libius Severus, Anthemius
Olybrius, Glycerius, Leo II, Zeno [1/2], Julius Nepos, Romulus Augustulus, Basiliscus, Zeno [2/2]
Home
Astronomy
Chronology (30th Century BC-present)
Observatories
Basics
Apparent Motions of the Sun and Stars
Ecliptic
Solar System
Motions of the Planets
Conjunction and Opposition
Equinoxes and Solstices
Precession and Nutation
Zodiac
Calendars
Ancient and Distant Lands (3200-00-1500)
Western Europe
Egypt
Mesoamerica
Greek
Rome
India
China
Mesopotamia
Islam
Medieval European Astronomy (1100-1500)
Renaissance (1500-1600)
Regiomontanus (1436-1476)
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Modern Astronomy (1600-present)
17th Century
Distances to the Stars
Halley’s Comet
Longitude
18th Century
Annual Parallax
Nebulae and the Galaxy
Proper Motion
Black Holes
19th Century
Spectroscopy
Magnitude
Doppler Effect
20th Century
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
Before history
Earth and the Universe
Creation of the Universe
Chronology
Space-Time
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Forming of the Solar System
Archaeology
Chronology
Ancient and Distant Lands
Greece and Rome
Antiquarians
India and China
Geological Time (4560 kya-present)
Chronology
Fossils and Dating
Continental Drift
Supercontinents
Evolution of Life (4560 mya-present)
Chronology
Precambrian Superion (4560-541 mya)
Hadean Eon (4560-4000 mya)
Archaean Eon (4000-2500 mya)
Proterozoic Eon (2500-541 mya)
Palaeozoic Era (541-252 mya)
Ordovician Period (485-444 mya)
Silurian Period (444-419 mya)
Carboniferous Period (359-299 mya)
Mesozoic Era (252-66 mya)
Triassic Period (252-201 mya)
Jurassic Period (201-145 mya)
Cretaceous Period (145-66 mya)
Cenozoic Era (66 mya-present)
Neogene Period (66-2.6 mya)
Palaeocene Epoch (66.0-56.0 mya)
Eocene Epoch (56.0-33.9 mya)
Evolution of Man (66,000-200 kya)
Prehistory (2700 kya-3500 BC)
Stone Ages (2700-8.5 kya)
Metal Ages (5500 BC-AD 800)
Ancient Europe
Outline History
Physical Geography
Geological History (4560 kya-present)
Chronology
Evolution of the Continents (3636 mya-present)
Quaternary Ice Age (2580 kya-present)
Prehistory (1400 kya-3500 BC)
Palaeolithic Period (1400-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic (7000-2500 BC)
Metal Ages (3500 BC-AD 800)
Bronze Age (3500-500 BC
Iron Age 500 BC-AD 800)
Northwest Europe (9700 BC-AD 410)
Greenland
Iceland
Ireland
Chronology (1700 mya-AD 400)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Copper Age (2500-2000 BC)
Bronze Age (2000-500 BC)
Late Iron Age (100-400), Myths, Druids
Scotland
Palaeolithic Period (14-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Roman Period (43-407)
Scottish Islands
Introduction
Northern Isles
Shetland
Wales
Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC)
England
Palaeolithic Period (900-11.7 kya)
Neolithic Period (4000-2500 BC)
Bronze Age (2500-800 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (800-00-43)
Roman Period (43-410)
Northern Europe (9700 BC-AD 410)
Introduction
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
Late Upper Palaeolithic (15-11.7 kya)
Mesolithic Period (9700-4000 BC)
Bronze Age (1700-500 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC-AD 09)
Ancient Near East
Outline History
Chronology
Bronze Age (3200-1200 BC)
Egypt (3050 BC-AD 642)
prehistory (700 kya-c.3050 BC)
Predynastic Period (c.5300-c.3050 BC)
Early Dynastic Period (c.3050-c.2686 BC)
Middle Kingdom (c.2055-c.1650 BC)
New Kingdom (c.1550-c.1069 BC)
Late Period (664-332 BC)
Graeco-Roman Period (332-395)
Mesopotamia (2900 BC-AD 637)
Prehistory (120 kya-3000 BC)
Early Dynastic Period (c.2900-c.2270 BC)
Old Babylonian Period (c.1830-c.1531 BC)
Assyrian Period (729-627 BC)
Achaemenid Period (539-331 BC)
Assyria (2000-608 BC)
Neo-Assyrian Period (935-608 BC)
Asia Minor (c.9600 BC-AD 1453)
Neolithic Period (c.9600-c.6000 BC)
Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-546 BC)
Greek Period (333-190 BC)
Roman Period (190 BC-AD 395)
Syria (3300 BC-AD 637)
Bronze Age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC)
Roman Period (63 BC-AD-395)
Phoenicia (3300 BC-AD 637)
Achaemenid Period (539-332-BC)
Roman Period (Ph)
Palestine (3300 BC-AD 638)
Bronze age (c.3300-c.1200 BC)
Iron Age (c.1200-539 BC)
Greek Period (333-63 BC)
Roman Period (63 BC-AD 395)
Persia (3200 BC-AD 651)
Prehistory (800 kya-c.3200 BC)
Median Period (728-549 BC)
Achaemenid Period (550-330 BC)
Sassanid Dynasty (224-651)
Ancient Greece
Outline History
Physical Geography
Prehistory (700 kya-c.1350 BC)
Chronology
Bronze Age (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
Cycladic Civilisation (c.3000-c.1100 BC)
Minoan Civilisation (c.3650-c.1100 BC)
Helladic Period (c.2800-c.1100 BC)
Dark Age (c.1100-c.750 BC)
Early Archaic Period c.750-546 BC)
Chronology
Homer and Hesiod
Panhellenism and Tyranny
Central Greece
Southern Greece
Eastern Aegean
Southern Italy
Late Archaic Period (546-479 BC)
Chronology
Persian Wars (499-449 BC)
Early Classical Period (479-446 BC)
Chronology
Delian League (478-454 BC)
Western Greeks (1/2) (c.580-446 BC)
First Peloponnesian War (c.460-446 BC)
Middle Classical Period (446-404 BC)
Thirty Years’ Treaty (446-431 BC)
Second (=Great) Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)
Archidamian War (431-421 BC)
Interlude (421-413 BC)
Decelean (=Ionian) War (413-404 BC)
Late Classical period (404-323 BC)
Second Siciliian War (410-367 BC)
Spartan Hegemony (404-386 BC)
Decline of Sparta (386-371 BC)
Theban Hegenomy (371-362 BC)
Philip II of Macedon (46; r.359-336 BC)
Western Greeks (2/2) (367-331 BC)
Alexander III the Great (32; r.336-323 BC)
Hellenistic Period (323-146 BC)
Rebellion in Greece, Lamian War (323-321 BC)
Diadochian Wars (322-276 BC)
Antigonid Era (276-146 BC)
Roman Period (146 BC-AD 395)
Byzantine Period (395-1453)
Roman Republic
Outline History
Physical Geography
Chronology
Roman Family Names
Carthaginian Leaders
Prehistory (850 kya-2300 BC)
Bronze Age (2300-1150 BC)
Pre-Roman Iron Age (c.900-509 BC)
Regal Rome (c.753-509 BC)
Chronology
Traditional Story
Early Roman Republic (509-264 BC)
Chronology
Assemblies
Conflict of the Orders (485-287 BC)
Roman Conquest of Italy (505-264 BC)
Middle Roman Republic (264-133 BC)
First Punic War (264-241 BC)
First Punic War (264-241 BC)
Between the First and Second Punic Wars (241-218 BC)
Second Punic War (218-201 BC)
Eastern Mediterranean (204-146 BC)
Western Mediterranean (206-146 BC)
Late Roman Republic (133-27 BC)
Society [3/4]
Gracchan Reforms (133-121 BC)
Gaius Marius (70; fl.133-86 BC)
Sulla (c.60; fl.106-78 BC)
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (=Pompey; 58; fl.82-48 BC)
Julius Caesar (=Caesar; 56; fl.85-44 BC)
Gaius Octavius (76; fl.47 BC AD-14)
Roman Empire
Outline History
Chronology
Roman Emperors (27 BC-AD 476)
Roman Usurpers (41 BC-AD 486)
Early Roman Empire (27 BC-AD 193)
Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BC-68 AD)
Chronology
Augustus (76; r.27.01-00-14.08)
Tiberius (78; r.14-37)
Caligula (28; r.37.03-41.01)
Claudius-I (64; r.41-54)
Nero (30; r.54.10-68.06)
Year of the Four Emperors (69)
Chronology
Flavian Dynasty (69-96)
Chronology
Vespasian (69; r.69-79)
Domitian (44; r.81-96)
Nervan-Antonine Dynasty (96-193)
Chronology
Nerva (67; r.96-98)
Trajan (63; r.98-117)
Marcus Aurelius (58; r.161-180)
Commodus (31; r.177-192)
Year of the Five Emperors (193)
Middle Roman Empire (193-284)
Severan Dynasty (193-211, 218-235)
Chronology
Military Anarchy (235-284)
Maximinus-I Thrax, Gordian, Gordian II, Balbinus, Pupienus
Philip-I The Arab, Philip II
Decius, Herennius Etruscus
Hostilian, Trebonianus Gallus, Volusianus, Aemilianus
Valerian
Gallienus, Saloninus
Aurelian
Tacitus, Florianus, Probus
Numerian, Carinus
Late Roman Empire (284-476)
Diocletian, Maximian
Constantinian Dynasty (305-364)
Tetrarchic Wars (306-324)
Constantine II, Constans, Constantius II
Valentinian-Theodosian Dynasty (364-455)
Valens, Valentinian II
Interregnum (392–425)
Honorus
Theodosius II
Constantine III, Constans II, Constantius III
Valentinian III
Restoration (425-455)
Marcian (450-457)
Non-dynastic (455-476) (W) and the Leonid Dynasty (455-518) (E)
Avitus (W)
Libius Severus, Anthemius
Olybrius, Glycerius, Leo II, Zeno [1/2], Julius Nepos, Romulus Augustulus, Basiliscus, Zeno [2/2]
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Northern Isles
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