| EDDINGTON, ARTHUR (61; 1882-1944) English) |
| 1898-1902 Owens College (f.1851), Manchester* |
| 1903-1905 Trinity College (f.1546), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England* |
| 1906: Chief Assistant to the Astronomer Royal at the Royal Greenwich Observatory (f.1675), London, Greater London, England* |
| 1914: Director of the Cambridge Observatory and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London (f.1660), Greater London, England* |
| 1920 The Internal Constitution of the Stars established the theoretical basis for stellar nucleosynthesis, the process by which stars forge heavier elements* |
| EINSTEIN, ALBERT (76; 1879-1955), German-Swiss-Australian-American |
| (German-Swiss-Australian-American) |
| 1905 Special Theory of Relativity |
| 1909-1911 Swiss Federal Polytechnic (f.1855), Zurich, Zurich Canton, Switzerland* |
| 1908-1911 Bern University (f.1834), Bern Canton, Switzerland* |
| 1911 Predicted the bending of light* |
| 1911-1912 Charles University (f.1348), Prague (f.880), Bohemian Region, Czech Republic* |
| 1912-1914 Swiss Federal Polytechnic (f.1855), Zurich, Zurich Canton, Switzerland* |
| 1913-1933 Prussian Academy of Sciences (f.1700), Berlin City, Northeast Germany* |
| 1914-1933 Humboldt University (f.1810), Berlin City, Northeast Germany* |
| 1916 General Theory of Relativity |
| 1917-1933 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (f.1911), Berlin City, Northeast Germany* |
| 1933-1955), Princeton, New Jersey, Northeast USA* |
| EUCLID OF ALEXANDRIA (c.60; c.325-265), Greek |
| . . . The Elements, flat or plane geometry |
| GUTH, ALAN HARVEY (1947 – ), American |
| 1968-1972 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (f.1861), Cambridge, Massachusetts, Northeast USA* |
| 1971-1974 Princeton University (f.1746), New Jersey, Northeast USA* |
| 1974-1977 Columbia University, (f.1754), New York City, Northeast USA* |
| 1977-1979 Cornell University (f.1865), Ithaca, New York State, Northeast USA* |
| 1978 Developed the theory of cosmic inflation |
| 1980 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (f.1861), Cambridge, Massachusetts, Northeast USA* |
| 1981 The Inflationary Universe: A Possible Solution to the Horizon and Flatness Problems |
| HEISENBERG, WERNER KARL (74; 1901-1976), German |
| 1920-1923 Munich University (f.1472), Bavarian State, Germany* |
| 1920-1927 Gottingen University (f.1737), Lower Saxony, Northwest Germany* |
| 1924-1926 Copenhagen University (f.1479), Capital Region, Denmark* |
| 1927 Ueber den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik (‘On the Perceptual Content of Quantum Theoretical Kinematics and Mechanics’), the uncertainty principle |
| 1927-1946 Leipzig University (f.1409), Saxony, Germany* |
| 1946-1970 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (f.1911), Berlin City, Northeast Germany* |
| HUBBLE, EDWIN POWELL (63, 1889-1953), American |
| 1906-1910 Chicago University (f.1890), Cook County, Illinois, Midwest USA* |
| 1910-1913 Queen’s College, Oxford University (f.1096), Oxfordshire, England* |
| 1913-1914 New Albany High School (f.1853), Floyd County, Indiana, Midwest USA* |
| 1914-1917 Yerkes Observatory (f.1987), Walworth County, Wisconsin, USA* |
| 1919-1953 Mount Wilson Observatory, near Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California, West Coast USA* |
| 1924 Proved existence of other galaxies |
| 1924 Measured distance to Andromeda as0.8 million light-years(2.5 million light-years) |
| 1929 Hubble’s Law (v=H0d), i.e. a galaxy’s recessional velocity is directly proportional to its distance from Earth (H0 is the Hubble Constant) |
| Queen’s College: named in honour of Queen Philippa |
| LINDE, ANDREI DMITRIYEVICH (77 – ), Russian |
| 1971 Moscow State University (f.1755), Moscow, European Russia* |
| 1974-1989 Lebedev Physical Institute (f.1934), Troitsk, City of Moscow, European Russia* |
| 1983 Chaotic Inflation |
| 1986 Eternal Chaotic Inflation |
| 1989-1990 European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland* |
| 1990 Stanford University (f.1885), California, West Coast USA* |
| KANT, IMMANUEL (German) |
| 1732-1740 Collegium Fridericianum (f.1698), Königsberg, Kaliningrad Oblast, Baltic Russia* |
| 1740 Königsberg University (f.1544), Kaliningrad Oblast, Baltic Russia* |
| 1755 Universal History and Theory of the Heavens |
| 1807-1846 Kazan University, Russia |
| LAPLACE, PIERRE SIMON de (77; 1749-1827), French |
| 1756-1765 Beaumont-en-Auge (f.1050), Normandy, France* |
| 1766-1768 Caen University (f.1432), Normandy, France* |
| 1769-1776 Ecole Militaire, Paris (f.1751), Île-de-France* |
| 1785 French Academy of Sciences (f.1666), Paris, Île-de-France* |
| 1796 Exposition du Système du Monde (‘The System of the World’) |
| 1798-1825 Traité de mécanique céleste (‘Treatise on Celestial Mechanics’) |
| LOBACHEVSKY, NIKOLAI IVANOVICH (63; 1792-1856), Russian |
| Pioneered non-Euclidean geometry |
| 1807-1846 Kazan University (f.1804), Tatarstan Republic, central-southeast European Russia* |
| MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK (48; 1831-1879), Scottish |
| 1841-1847 Edinburgh Academy (f.1824), Midlothian, Scotland* |
| 1847-1860 Edinburgh University (f.1583), Midlothian, Scotland* |
| 1850-1854 Trinity College (f.1546), Cambridge, England* |
| 1856-1860 Marischal College (f.1593), Aberdeen* |
| 1860-1865 King’s College, London (f.1829), Greater London, England* |
| 1865 A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field (Maxwell’s Equations) |
| 1871-1879 Cavendish Laboratory (f.1874), Cambridge, England* |
| 1873 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (Maxwell’s Equations) |
| PLANCK, MAX ERNST KARL LUDWIG (89; 1858-1947), German |
| 1874-1885 Munich University (f.1472), Bavarian State, Germany* |
| 1878-1879 Humboldt University (f.1810), Berlin City, Northeast Germany* |
| 1885-1889 Kiel University (f.1665), Germany* |
| 1889-1926 Humboldt University (f.1810), Berlin City, Northeast Germany* |
| 1900.10 Über eine Verbesserung der Wienschen Spektralgleichung (‘On an Improvement of the Wien Spectral Equation’), proposed the Planck black-body radiation law |
| 1900.12 Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum (‘On the Theory of the Law of Energy Distribution in the Normal Spectrum’), proposed the quantum hypothesis |
| SAKHAROV, ANDREI DMITRIEVICH (68; 1921-1989), Russian |
| 1938-1942 Moscow State University (f.1755), Moscow, European Russia* |
| 1945-1953 Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (f.1925), St Petersburg, Leningrad Oblast, European Russia* |
| 1967 Violation of CP Invariance, C Asymmetry, and Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe, proposed three conditions for the Universe’s matter-antimatter asymmetry |
| SALPETER, EDWIN ERNEST (83; 1924-2008), Austrian-Australian-American) |
| 1939-1945 Sydney University (f.1850), Australia* |
| 1945-1948 Birmingham University (f.1900), West Midlands County, England* |
| 1949-1997 Cornell University (f.1865), Ithaca, New York State, Northeast USA* |
| 1955 The Luminosity Function and Stellar Evolution, Salpeter function |
| SITTER, WILLEM DE (62; 1872-1934), Dutch |
| 1891-1897 Groningen University, (f.1614), Groningen Province, Northeast Netherlands* |
| 1891-1897 Groningen Astronomical Laboratory (f.1896), Groningen Province, Northeast Netherlands* |
| 1897-1899 Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope (f.1820), Western Cape Province, South Africa* |
| 1908-1934 Leiden University (f.1575), South Holland Province, West Netherlands* |
| 1917 De Sitter Universe cosmological model |
| 1919-1934 Leiden Observatory, (f.1633), South Holland Province, West Netherlands |
| 1932 Einstein-de Sitter Model* |
| SMOOT III, GEORGE FITZGERALD (80; 1945-2025), American |
| 1966-1970 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (f.1861), Cambridge, Massachusetts, New England, Northeast USA* |
| 1971-1974 California University (f.1868), Berkeley, California, West Coast USA* |
| 1974 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (f.1931), Berkeley, California,West Coast USA* |
| 1992 He and his colleagues found fluctuations, or ‘wrinkles‘ in the background radiation |
| 1994 California University (f.1868), Berkeley, California, West Coast USA* |
| 1994.10 Wrinkles in Time |
| VAUCOULEURS, GERARD HENRI DE (77; 1918-1995), French-American |
| 1943-49 Paris University (f.1200), Île-de-France* |
| 1951-57 Mount Stromlo Observatory (f.1924), Australia* |
| 1957-58 Lowell Observatory (f.1824), Flagstaff, Arizona, Southwest USA* |
| 1958-60 Harvard College Observatory* |
| 1950s promoted the idea of superclusters |
| 1960-95 Texas University (f.1883), South USA* |
| ZWICKY, FRITZ (75; 1898-1974), Swiss |
| 1914-1922 Swiss Federal Institute (f.1854), Zurich, Switzerland* |
| 1925-1972 California Institute of Technology (f.1891), Pasadena, California, West Coast USA* |
| 1933 Inferred the existence of dark matter |
| 1937-1968 Mount Wilson Observatory (f.1904), near Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California, West Coast USA* |
| 1937-1968 Palomar Observatory (f.1928) San Diego County, California, West Coast USA* |
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