Palaeolithic (2500 kya)
| 2500-1400 kya Oldowan Industry |
| 1900-200 kya Homo erectus |
| 1810-12 kya Pleistocene |
| 1600-100 kya Acheulean Industry |
| 1500 kya Ubeidiyeh (P) |
| 1000 kya Kaletepe Deresi 3 (Asia Minor) |
| 750 kya Gesher Benot Ya’aqov (P) |
| 700 kya Abu Simbel (E) |
| 500 kya Tabun Cave (Israel) |
| 400 kya Clactonian Culture |
| 400 kya Karain Cave (Asia Minor) |
| 350 kya Acheulo-Yabrudian Culture |
| 350 kya Zuttiyeh Cave (P) |
| 330 kya Yarimburgaz Cave |
| 300 kya Levallois Technique |
| 300 kya Kharga & Dakhleh oases (E) |
| 300-27 kya Homo neanderthalensis |
| 250 kya Mousterian Industry |
| 250 kya Nubian Knapping Technique |
| 200 kya Bir Sahara (E) |
| 200 kya Homo sapiens |
| 175 kya Bir Safsaf (E) |
| 175 kya Bir Tarfawi (E) |
| 150 kya Nazlet Khater & Taramsa (E) |
| 120 kya Barda-Balka (M) |
| 118 kya Sodmein Cave (E) |
| 100 kya Es-Skhul (Israel) |
| 100-08 kya Shanidar Cave (M) |
| 65 kya Amud Cave (P) |
| 60 kya Levalloiso-Mousterian Industry |
| 60-48 kya Kebara Cave (Israel) |
| 55 kya Taramsa (E) |
| 52 kya Ras el-Kelb (Phoenicia) |
| 45 kya Ksar Akil (Phoenicia) |
| 45-35 kya Aurignacian Culture |
| 43-30 kya Aterian Industry (E) |
| 41-33 kya Khormusan Industry (E) |
| 40-35 kya Nazlet Khater 4 (E) |
| 40-18 kya Halfan Industry (E) |
| 36-27 kya Baradostian Industry (M) |
| 35 kya Cro-Magnons |
| 35 kya Shukbah Cave (P) |
| 25-22 kya Shuwikhatian Industry (E) |
| 21.0-19.5 kya Fakhurian Industry (E) |
Epipalaeolithic (20 kya)
| 20-12 kya Kebaran Industry (P) |
| 19.4 kya Ohalo II (P) |
| 19.0-16.5 kya Kubbaniyan Industry (E) |
| 18.0-11.6 kya Okuzini Cave (Asia Minor) |
| 16-15 kya Silsilian/Ballanan Industries (E) |
| 14.5-12.0 kya Natufian Culture (P) |
| 14.5-11.5 kya Mureybet (Syria) |
| 14 kya Tushka (E) |
| 14.0-12.5 kya Qadan Industry (E) |
| 14-12 kya Gebel Sahaba (E) |
| 14-12 kya Pelegawra Cave (M) |
| 13.5 kya Abu Hureyra (Syria) |
Aceramic Neolithic (13 kya)
| 12.9 kya Makhadma-4 (E) |
| 12.9-12.3 kya Afian Industry (E) |
| 12.7-11.5 kya Isnan Industry (E) |
| 12.5-8.00 kya Zarzian Industry (M) |
| 12-10 kya Ein Mallaha (P) |
| 9600 Hallan Cemi Tepesi (AM) |
| 9000 Gobekli Tepe (Asia Minor) |
| 9000 Jericho (P) |
| 9000 Zawi Chemi Shanidar (M) |
| 9000-5900 Karim-Shehir & Mlefaat (M) |
| 8400 Nevali Cori (Asia Minor) |
| 8200-7400 Asikli Hoyuk (Asia Minor) |
| 8000 Choga Sefid (Iran) |
| 8000 Tepe Sialk (Iran) |
| 7500 Arkinian Industry (E) |
| 7500 Cafer Hoyuk (Asia Minor) |
| 7500 Catal Hoyuk (south of Konya, AM) |
| 7500-6500 Tepe Ali Kosh (M) |
| 7500-6500 Tell Sabi Abyad (Syria) |
| 7200-6600 Cayonu Tepesi (Asia Minor) |
| 7200-6500 Masara Culture (E) |
| 7000 Hacilar (Asia Minor) |
| 7000 Susa (Iran) |
| 6800 Nabta Playa & Bir Kiseiba (E) |
| 6700 Shamarkian Industry (E) |
| 6700 Gritille (Asia Minor) |
| 6500 Can Hasan III (Asia Minor) |
| 6500 Jarmo (M) |
| 6500 Suberde (Asia Minor) |
| 6500 Ugarit (Syria) |
Ceramic Neolithic (6400 BC)
| 6400-6000 Elkabian Industry (E) |
| 6300 Yumuktepe (Asia Minor) |
| 6200 Domuztepe (Asia Minor) |
| 6200 Ilipinar Hoyuk (Asia Minor) |
| 6100-5200 Quarunian Industry (E) |
| 6000 Tepe Gawra (M) |
| 6000 Tepe Sabz (Iran) |
| 6000-5000 Hassuna Culture (M) |
| 6000-5000 Shamarkian Industry (E) |
| 6000-5000 Shimshara (M) |
| 6000-5000 Umm Dabaghiyah (M) |
| 6000-4000 Tell el-Oueili (M) |
| 6000-2900 Predynastic Period (M) |
| 6000-1190 Ugarit (Syria) |
| 5700-3250 Bashendi Culture (E) |
| 5600-5000 Samarra Culture (M) |
| 5600-5000 Arpachiyah (M) |
| 5600-5000 Yarim Tepe (M) |
| 5500 Aqab (Syria) |
| 5500 Norsuntepe (southeast of Elazig, AM) |
| 5500 Tell es-Sawwan (M) |
| 5500-4500 Halaf Culture (M) |
| 5450-4400 Faiyumian Culture (E) |
| 5400-2200 Sheikh Muftah Culture (E) |
| 5300-3050 Predynastic Period (E) |
| 5000 Arslantepe (Asia Minor) |
| 5000 Byblos (Phoenicia) |
| 5000 Eridu (M) |
| 5000 Godin Tepe (Iran) |
| 5000 Tepe Hissar (Iran) |
| 5000-3750 Ubaid Culture (M) |
| 4900-4300 Merimde Culture (E) |
| 4800 Tarifian Culture (E) |
| 4600-4400 Omari Culture (E) |
| 4500 Tasian Culture (E) |
| 4500 Beycesultan (Asia Minor) |
| 4500 Tepe Yahya (Iran) |
| 4500-3400 Ghassul-Beersheba Culture (P) |
Chalcolithic (4500 BC)
| 4400 Tal-i Iblis (Iran) |
| 4400-4000 Badarian Culture (E) |
| 4400-3200 Maadi Culture (E) |
| 4100 Hacinebi Tepe (Asia Minor) |
| 4000 Hassek Hoyuk (Asia Minor) |
| 4000 Jerusalem |
| 4000 Sidon (Phoenicia) |
| 4000 Ur (M) |
| 4000 Uruk (M) |
| 4000-3500 Naqada I Culture (E) |
| 4000-2200 Kura-Araxes Culture (AM) |
| 3750-3150 Uruk period (M) |
| 3500 A-Group (Nubia) |
| 3500 Ein Gedi (P) |
| 3500 Habuba Kabira (Syria) |
| 3500 Jebel Aruda (Syria |
| 3500 Nahal Mishmar (P) |
| 3500 Sos Hoyuk (Asia Minor) |
| 3500-3200 Naqada II Culture (E) |
| 3500-3200 Habuba Kabira (Syria) |
| 3500-1600 Ebla (Syria) |
Bronze Age (3200 BC)
| 3200 Abydos and Thebes (E) |
| 3200-3050 Naqada III Culture (E) |
| 3200-539 Elamite Period (Persia) |
| 3150-2900 Jemdet Nasr period (M) |
| 3100 Memphis (E) |
| 3100 Narmer/Menes unifies Egypt |
| 3050-2686 Early Dynastic Period (E) |
| 2900-2270 Early Dynastic Period (M) |
| 2900-1695 Mari (Syria) |
| 2750 Tyre (Phoenicia) |
| 2686-2160 Old Kingdom (E) |
| 2600 Epic of Gilgamesh (M) |
| 2500-2000 Awan Dynasty (Iran) |
| 2400 Amorites (Syria/Mesopotamia) |
| 2400 Babylon (M) |
| 2400 Kerma (Nubia) |
| 2296-2271 Lugalzagesi (M) |
| 2270-2083 Akkad Period (M) |
| 2240 C-Group (Nubia) |
| 2200-1531 Amorites |
| 2160-2055 1st Intermediate Period (E) |
| 2141-2050 Gutian Period (M) |
| 2055-1650 Middle Kingdom (E) |
| 2047-1940 Ur III Period (M) |
| 2000-1900 Simashki Dynasty (Iran) |
| 2000-1353 Old Assyrian Period (Assyria) |
| 2000-1200 Canaanites |
| 1940 Elamites sack Ur (M) |
| 1940-1728 Larsa-Isin Period (M) |
| 1900-1600 Amorites |
| 1900-1500 Epartid Dynasty (Iran) |
| 1830-1531 Old Babylonian Period (M) |
| 1800 Nineveh (Assyria) |
| 1800-1531 Yamhad/Aleppo (Syria) |
| 1728-1686 Hammurabi (Babylon) |
| 1650-1550 2nd Intermediate Period (E) |
| 1650-1550 Hyksos (E) |
| 1600-1420 Old Kingdom (H) |
| 1550 Kamose drives Hyksos from Egypt |
| 1550-1069 New Kingdom (E) |
| 1550-1295 Thutmosids (E) |
| 1531 Hittites capture Babylon |
| 1531-729 Middle Babylonian Period (M) |
| 1500 Egyptians occupy southern Syria |
| 1500 Valley of the Kings (E) |
| 1500-1350 Kidinuid Dynasty (Iran) |
| 1500-1260 Mitanni (AM/Syria) |
| 1457 Battle of Megiddo (P) |
| 1420-1178 Hittite Empire (H) |
| 1353-935 Middle Assyrian Period (Assyria) |
| 1350 Amarna correspondence |
| 1350-1200 Igehalkid Dynasty (Iran) |
| 1345 Napata (Nubia) |
| 1340 Great Syrian War (Syria) |
| 1312.06.24 solar eclipse (H) |
| 1295-1069 Ramessids (E) |
| 1274 Battle of Kadesh (Syria) |
| 1260-585 Urartu (AM) |
| 1208 Merneptah defeats the Sea Peoples |
| 1200 Conquest by the Israelites |
| 1200 Sea Peoples |
| 1200-1100 Shutrukid Dynasty (Iran) |
| 1200-1050 Judges (Israelites) |
| 1200-700 Neo-Hittites/Aramaeans (Syria) |
Iron Age (1200 BC)
| 1176 Rameses III defeats the Sea Peoples |
| 1175-732 Philistines (Palestine) |
| 1150-900 Greek migration |
| 1069-664 3rd Intermediate Period (E) |
| 1050 Battle of Aphek (P) |
| 1020-922 United Monarchy (Israelites) |
| 1010-970 David (Judah) |
| 945-715 Libyans (E) |
| 935-608 Neo-Assyrian Period (Assyria) |
| 922-587 Divided Monarchy (Israelites) |
| 853 Battle of Qarqar (Syria) |
| 853 Battle of Ramoth-gilead (P) |
| 842 Battle of Ramoth-gilead (P) |
| 763.06.15 solar eclipse (Ass) |
| 760-680 Heraclid Dynasty (Lydia) |
| 760-521 Humban-Tahrid Dynasty (Iran) |
| 753 Rome founded (traditional) |
| 747-656 Kushites (E) |
| 738 Tiglath-pileser III conquers Syria |
| 735 Syro-Ephraimite War |
| 729-627 Assyrian Period (M) |
| 728-550 Median Period (Persia) |
| 722 Israel part of the Assyrian Empire |
| 720 Battle of Der (M) |
| 720 Battle of Qarqar (Syria) |
| 701 Battle of Eltekeh (P) |
| 691 Battle of Hallule (M) |
| 680-546 Mermnad Dynasty (Lydia) |
| 671 Assyrians attack Egypt |
| 667 Assyrians attack Egypt |
| 664-332 Late Period (E) |
| 664-525 Sais (Delta) rules Egypt |
| 663 Assyrians attack Egypt |
| 652 Battle of the Ulaya River (Iran) |
| 630 Naucratis (E) |
| 627-539 Neo-Babylonian Period (M) |
| 614 Medes capture Assur |
| 612 Fall of Nineveh (M) |
| 605 Battle of Carchemish (Syria) |
| 586 Fall of Judah (P) |
| 585.05.28 Solar eclipse (AM) |
| 585.05.28 Battle of Halys River (AM) |
| 585-572 Siege of Tyre (Phoenicia) |
| 570-200 Orontid Dynasty (Armenia) |
| 559-530 Cyrus II (Persia) |
| 549 Cyrus II captured Ecbatana (Persia) |
Achaemenid Period (546-333 BC)
| 546 Cyrus II captured Sardis (Asia Minor) |
| 546-333 Achaemenid Period (AM) |
| 539.10.12 Fall of Babylon (M) |
| 539-333 Achaemenid Period (Palestine) |
| 539-332 Achaemenid Period (Phoenicia) |
| 539-331 Achaemenid Period (M) |
| 539-331 Achaemenid Period (Syria) |
| 525 Battle of Pelusium (E) |
| 525 Cambyses II conquers Egypt |
| 525-404 Achaemenid Period (E) |
| 522-486 Darius I (Persia) |
| 509 Rome became a republic |
| 500 Meroe (Upper Nubia) |
| 499-494 Ionian revolt |
| 499-449 Graeco-Persian Wars |
| 498 Battle of Ephesus (AM) |
| 494 Sea Battle of Lade (Turkey) |
| 490 Battle of Marathon (Greece) |
| 480 Battle of Thermopylae (Greece) |
| 480 Sea Battle of Artemisium (Greece) |
| 480.09 Sea Battle Salamis (Greece) |
| 479.08 Battle of Plataea (Greece) |
| 479.08.27 Battle of Mycale (AM) |
| 469 or 466 Battle of the Eurymedon (AM) |
| 460 Battle of Papremis (E) |
| 460-404 Peloponnesian War (Greece) |
| 449 Peace of Callias (Greece/Persia) |
| 401 Battle of Cunaxa (M) |
| 395-387 Corinthian War (Greece) |
| 391-326 Hecatomnid Dynasty (Caria) |
| 387 King’s Peace (Greece) |
| 381 Sea Battle of Kition (Cyprus) |
| 380-331 Datamid Dynasty (Cappadocia) |
| 366-360 Satraps’ revolt (AM) |
| 343-332 Achaemenid Period (E) |
| 336-323 Alexander the Great (Macedon) |
| 334.05 Battle of Granicus River (AM) |
| 333.11.05 Battle of Issus (AM) |
Greek Period (333-190 BC)
| 333-190 Greek Period (AM) |
| 333-063 Greek Period (Palestine) |
| 332 Alexander’s siege of Tyre |
| 332 Alexandria founded (E) |
| 332-305 Macedonian Dynasty (E) |
| 332-065 Greek Period (Ph) |
| 331.10.01 Battle of Gaugamela (M) |
| 331-129 Greek Period (M) |
| 331-063 Greek Period (Syria) |
| 331-017 Ariarathid Dynasty (Cappadocia) |
| 330-238 Greek Period (Persia) |
| 323 Death of Alexander the Great |
| 321 Partition of Triparadisus (Syria) |
| 312 Battle of Gaza (P) |
| 312-063 Seleucid Dynasty (M) |
| 306 Sea Battle of Salamis (Cyprus) |
| 306-301 Antigonus I (Asia Minor) |
| 306-168 Antigonid Dynasty (Asia Minor) |
| 305 Seleucia (M) |
| 305-283 Ptolemy I (E) |
| 305-281 Seleucus I (M) |
| 305-30 Ptolemaic Dynasty (E) |
| 302-00-64 Mithridatid Dynasty (Pontus) |
| 301 Battle of Ipsus (AM) |
| 300 Antioch on the Orontes (AM) |
| 290-190 Aetolian League (Greece) |
| 281 Battle of Corupedium (AM) |
| 281-133 Attalid Dynasty (Pergamum) |
| 274-168 Syrian Wars (v. Egypt) (6) |
| 274-271 First Syrian War |
| 264-146 Punic Wars (3) (Rome v. Carthage) |
| 264-241 First Punic War* |
| 260-253 Second Syrian War |
| 256 Goths attack Black Sea cities. |
| 255-130 Graeco-Bactrian kingdom (Asia) |
| 248-183Hannibal (Carthage) |
| 247-00-224 Arsacids of Pergamum (AM) |
| 246-241 Third Syrian War |
| 241 Sicilia (=Sicily) Roman province |
| 239 Battle of Ancyra (AM) |
| 238-00-224 Parthian Dynasty (Persia) |
| 229-168 Illyrian Wars (3) (v Rome) |
| 229 First Illyrian War |
| 227 Earthquake at Rhodes (SE Aegean) |
| 221-217 Fourth Syrian War |
| 219 Second Illyrian War |
| 218-201 Second Punic War |
| 217 Battle of Raphia (P) |
| 214-148 Macedonian Wars (2) (v. Rome) |
| 214-205 First Macedonian War |
| 202-195 Fifth Syrian War |
| 200-197 Second Macedonian War |
| 198 Battle of Panium (P) |
| 197 Battle of Cynoscephalae (Greece) |
| 192-188 Roman-Syrian War |
| 191 Battle of Thermopylae (Greece) |
| 190 Battle of Magnesia (AM) |
Roman Period (190-00-395)
| 190-00-330 Roman Period (AM) |
| 190-00-001 Artaxiad Dynasty (Armenia) |
| 188 Treaty of Apamea (Phrygia) |
| 172 Third Macedonian War |
| 170-168 Sixth Syrian War |
| 168 Third Illyrian War |
| 167-37 Hasmonean Dynasty (P) |
| 150-148 Fourth Macedonian War |
| 149-146 Third Punic War* |
| 145 Battle of Antioch (Syria) |
| 133 Caria joined Roman province of Asia |
| 133 Lydia joined Roman province of Asia |
| 129 Battle of Ecbatana (P) |
| 129 Roman province of Asia (Phrygia) |
| 129-00-224 Parthian Period (M) |
| 120-63 Mithridates VI of Pontus (AM) |
| 100-44 Julius Caesar (Rome) |
| 88-63 Mithridatic Wars (4) (Rome/Pontus) |
| 88-84 First Mithridatic War (Pontus) |
| 86 Battle of Chaeronea (Greece) |
| 85 Battle of Orchomenus (Greece) |
| 83-81 Second Mithridatic War (Rome/Pontus) |
| 74 Bithynia Roman province (AM) |
| 73-67 Third Mithridatic War (Rome/Pontus) |
| 66 Battle of Nicopolis (AM) |
| 66-63 Fourth Mithridatic War (Rome/Pontus) |
| 65-00-395 Roman Period (Phoenicia) |
| 64 Bithynia Roman province (AM) |
| 63 Pompey‘s settlement of the east |
| 63-00-395 Roman Period (Palestine) |
| 63-00-395 Roman Period (Syria) |
| 53 Battle of Carrhae (AM) |
| 53-00-203 Roman-Parthian Wars (3) |
| 53-20 First Roman-Parthian War |
| 48.08.09 Battle of Pharsalus (Greece) |
| 48 Pompey killed in Egypt |
| 48 Alexandrian War (E) |
| 47 Battle of Zela (AM) |
| 42.10.03 First Battle of Philippi (Greece) |
| 42.10.23 Second Battle of Philippi (Greece) |
| 38 Battle of Mount Gindarus (Syria) |
| 37-00-92 Herodian (Idumaean) Dynasty (P) |
| 31.09.02 Sea Battle of Actium (Greece) |
| 31-00-14 Augustus (Rome) |
| 30 Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide |
| 30-00-395 Roman Period (E) |
| 30-00-476 Roman Empire |
| 25 Galatia Roman province (AM) |
| 05-00-33 Jesus of Nazareth |
| 17 Cappadocia Roman Province (AM) |
| 17 Commagene Roman province (AM) |
| 43 Lycia Roman province (AM) |
| 43 Pamphylia Roman province (AM) |
| 56-63 Second Roman-Parthian War |
| 62-428 Arsacid Dynasty (Armenia) |
| 66 Jewish rebellion in Alexandria (E) |
| 66-613 Jewish revolts (4) |
| 66-73 First Jewish revolt (P) |
| 67 Deaths of Paul and Peter in Rome |
| 114 Armenia Roman province |
| 115-117 Kitos revolt (P) |
| 116 Phrygia joined Rome province of Asia |
| 132-135 Bar Kokhba revolt (P) |
| 195-202 Third Roman-Parthian War |
| 198 Mesopotamia Roman province |
| 224-651 Sassanid Dynasty (Persia) |
| 224-637 Sassanian Period (M) |
| 230-363 Roman-Sassanid Wars (3) |
| 230-233 First Roman-Sassanid War |
| 241-244 Second Roman-Sassanid War |
| 243 Battle of Resaena (AM) |
| 259 Battle of Edessa (M) |
| 260-273 Palmyrene Empire (Syria) |
| 262 Battle of Sardis (AM) |
| 269 Zenobia conquers Egypt |
| 274 Romans recapture Egypt |
| 296 Battle of Callinicum (Syria) |
| 298 Battle of Satala (AM) |
| 320 Coenobitic community at Tabennisi |
| 330-1453 Constantinople (AM) |
| 337-363 Third Roman-Sassanid War |
| 351 Revolt against Gallus (P) |
| 363 Battle of Ctesiphon (M) |
| 363.06.26 Battle of Samarra (M) |
| 371 Battle of Bagavan (AM) |
Byzantine Period (395-1453)
| 395-637 Byzantine Period (Phoenicia) |
| 395-637 Byzantine Period (Syria) |
| 395-638 Byzantine Period (Palestine) |
| 395-646 Byzantine Period (Egypt) |
| 395-1453 Byzantine Period (AM) |
| 421-628 Byzantine-Sassanid Wars (5) |
| 421-422 First Byzantine-Sassanid War |
| 421.05.26 Battle of Merv (Central Asia) |
| 441 Second Byzantine-Sassanid War |
| 451 Battle of Avarayr (Armenia) |
| 476 Fall of the Western Roman Empire |
| 484-572 Samaritan revolts (P) |
| 502-506 Third Byzantine-Sassanid War |
| 528 Battle of Thannuris (M) |
| 530 Battle of Satala (AM) |
| 530 Battle of Dara (M) |
| 531.04.19 Battle of Callinicum (Syria) |
| 551.07.09 Beirut earthquake (Lebanon) |
| 570-632 Mohammed (Mecca) |
| 572-591 Fourth Byzantine-Sassanid War |
| 591 Battle of Blarathon (Persia) |
| 603-628 Fifth Byzantine-Sassanid War |
| 616 Sassanians capture Pelusium (E) |
| 621 Sassanians control Egypt |
| 627.12.12 Battle of Nineveh (M) |
| 629.09 Battle of Mutah (P) |
| 629 Heraclius regains Egypt |
| 633 Battle of Wadi al-Arabah (Palestine) |
| 634 Battle of Dathin (P) |
| 634.06 Battle of Qarteen (Syria) |
| 634.07.30 Battle of Ajnadayn (P) |
| 634.11 Battle of the Bridge (M) |
| 636.08.20 Battle of Yarmuk River (Syria) |
| 636.11.19 Battle of Al-Qadisiyya (M) |
| 637.04 Battle of Jalula (M) |
| 637 Muslims control Syria |
| 638.01 Jerusalem falls to Muslims |
| 638 Muslims control Iraq |
| 641.11.08 Muslims capture Alexandria |
| 642 Battle of Nihawand (Persia) |
| 644 Muslims conquer the Sassanid Empire |
| 645 Byzantines recover Alexandria |
| 646 Muslims control Egypt |
| 670-674 Muslim siege of Constantinople |
| 711-718 Muslim siege of Constantinople |
| 1071.08.26 Battle of Manzikert (Armenia) |
| 1095-1291 Crusades (7) |
| 1204 Fourth Crusade |
| 1204-1261 Latin Empire (Constantinople) |
| 1235 Bulgarian siege of Constantinople |
| 1453.05.29 Ottomans take Constantinople |
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