05C England, 05 Britain (Britannia), Introduction (Scotland), Ireland and Britain (Pretanic Isles), Northwest Europe (9700-00-410)

Ancient Europe, 05 Britain (Britannia), 05C ENGLAND: Introduction (England)

49         REGIONS, COUNTIES/MAIN TOWNS          1994
NorthwestNortheast
01Cumbria/Carlisle28Northumberland/Alnwick
02Lancashire/Lancaster29County Durham/Durham
03Merseyside/Liverpool30Tyne and Wear/Newcastle on Tyne
04Greater Manchester/Manchester
05Cheshire/Chester31North Yorkshire (North)/Middlesbrough
West Midlands
06Shropshire/ShrewsburyYorkshire and the Humber
07Staffordshire/Stafford32North Yorkshire (S)/York
08West Midlands/Birmingham33West Yorkshire/Leeds
34East Riding/Beverley
09Herefordshire/Hereford35South Yorkshire/Sheffield
10Worcestershire/Worcester36N Lincolnshire/Scunthorpe
East Midlands
11Warwickshire/Warwick37Derbyshire/Matlock
Southwest38Nottinghamshire/Nottingham
12Gloucestershire/Gloucester
39S Lincolnshire/Lincoln
13Bristol City40Leicestershire/Leicester
14Somerset/Taunton41Rutland/Oakham
15Wiltshire/Trowbridge42Northamptonshire/Northampton
16Dorset/Dorchester
17Devon/ExeterEast of England
18Cornwall/Truro43Cambridgeshire/Cambridge
Southeast44Norfolk/Norwich
19Oxfordshire/Oxford45Suffolk/Ipswich
20Buckinghamshire/Aylesbury46Bedfordshire/Bedford
47Hertfordshire/Hertford
21Berkshire/Reading48Essex/Chelmsford
22Hampshire/Winchester49Greater London/London
23West Sussex/Chichester25Surrey/Guildford
26East Sussex/Lewes
24Isle of Wight/Newport27Kent/Maidstone

The Pleistocene Ice Age (2580-11.7 kya) consisted of four glacials (cooling periods): the Beestonian, Anglian, Wolstonian and the Devensian; and three interglacials (warming periods): the Cromerian (800-500 kya), Hoxnian (424-374 kya) and the Ipswichian (130-115 kya).  

These changes in climate caused changes in flora (plants) and fauna (animals). During the cold periods the ice extended westwards across northern Britain and southwards down to the Thames valley, beyond which a treeless tundra steppe was inhabited by large herbivores such as mammoth, reindeer and bison, the prey of Palaeolithic hunters.

During the warm periods the ice was retreating and the tundra was replaced by forests of pine, oak and elm, interspersed with grassland. The most common animals were red deer, fallow deer, elephant and rhinoceros.

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